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Module 21: Ruminant Production > Herd Mastitis > Flashcards

Herd Mastitis Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main bacteria that cause mastitis

A

staphylococcus aureus

coagulase negative staphylococci

streptococcus agalactiae

streptococcus dysgalactiae

E coli

Klebsiella

truepurella pyogens

mycoplasma bovis

corynebacterium bovis

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2
Q

what is the definition of major pathogens

A

serious reaction

high SCC

milk drop

clinical signs of diseease

even death of cow

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3
Q

what are examples of major pathogens

A

streptococcus agalactiae

streptococcus dysgalactiae

streptococcus uberis

E coli

staphylococcus aureus

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4
Q

what is the definition of minor pathogens

A

mild immune response

no or slight increase of SCC

slight decrease or perhaps increase in production and may cause clinical signs of disease

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5
Q

what are examples of minor pathogens

A

corynebacterium bovis

staphylococcus epidermidis

coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS)

micrococci

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6
Q

what is contagious clinical mastitis

A

infection transmitted from cow to cow by milking machine and milkers (ex hands)

cow to cow

milker’s hands, milking machine

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7
Q

what is environmental clinical mastitis

A

infection acquired from the cow’s environment

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8
Q

what are examples of contagious pathogens

A

staphylococcus aureus

streptococcus agalactiae

mycoplasma spp

CNS

streptococcus uberis

streptococcus dysgalactiae

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9
Q

what are examples of environmental pathogens

A

e coli

klebsiella spp

CNS

streptococcus dysgalactiae

streptococcus uberis

yeasts

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10
Q

what can contribute to contagious mastitis

A

damaged teat ends susceptible, milking machine malfunction can contribute

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11
Q

how does staphylococcus aureus spread and where does it go

A

Mammary gland of infected cows (bovine skin, milkers hands, flies and barn environment)

Adhere to the endothelial lining of the teat and udder cisterns

  • High up in the udder

Easily spread in-parlour

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12
Q

what does acute/peracute infection staphylococcus aureus cause

A

acute/peracute infection

  • severe systemic reaction
  • recently post calving (NEB)
  • gangrene
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13
Q

what does chronic staphylococcus aureus cause

A

Increased prevalence: older cows; late in the LAC

Moderate inflammatory reaction

Missed or few clots

Tissue atrophy and abscessation

Notoriously difficult to treat and control!

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14
Q

why is staphylococcus aureus difficult to treat and control

A

1st case of infection the cow is treatable with a cure rate of about ~70% with a prolonged antibiotic therapy

Recurrent cases cure rates are around ~20%

Cows appear to clear up and then within 7 days they reappear with a recurrent infection —> typical pattern because it hides so high up in the udder antibiotic penetration can be poor

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15
Q

what does Streptococcus agalactiae cause

A

subclinical infections

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16
Q

what are the main features of Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis

A

Highly contagious

Udder (occasionally teat canal and teat skin when the surface is cracked)

Subclinical infections

  • High SCC cows

Easy to isolate on culture (infected quarter — up to 10^8 bacteria/ml):

  • Cow
  • Bulk tank
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17
Q

how does streptococcus agalactiae respond to antimicrobial therapy

A

‘blitz’ therapy

all quarters of infected cow (whole herd/selected animals)

good response

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18
Q

what are the main features of mycoplasma spp

A

highly contagious

most common spp is m. bovis

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19
Q

what might mycoplasma be associated with

A

resp disease

arthritis

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20
Q

why is biosecurity important in mycoplasma spp

A

importation of cattle into a herd

not common in UK but in USA and Europe

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21
Q

is there a good response to treatment of mycoplasma

A

poor response

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22
Q

how do we see and diagnose contagious mastitis during lactation

A

Recurrent clinical cases

Treatment failures

High SCC but not necessarily high clinical numbers

Climbing BTSCC (10% rise?)

  • Insidious contagious problem

Collecting milk samples — but hard to culture

Repeat sampling may be necessary — intermittent shedding

Cow history and clinical cure rates, use herd test trends

>10% of herd >200,000 cells at consecutive tests, high new IMI rate for heifers entering the herd

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23
Q

how do we manage and treat contagious mastitis

A

Find clinical early, remove from supply, milk last — reduce infection spread

  • She can infect a bunch of other cows
  • Key is to identify early so you can separate them
  • Best chance of cure when identified early and given extended course of antibiotic therapy
  • Time dependent bug so its how long the bugs are exposed to antibiotics that give the best results

Routine looking for clinical

Extended lactational cow therapy best chance of cure

Dry cows off — long course of antibiotic may increase chance of cure

  • 30-50 days of cover
24
Q

how do we prevent contagious mastitis

A

Reduced infected population — cull cows, treat cows

Teat dip/spray

Milking machine maintenance

Milking routine

  • Sterile and hygienic

Gloves

  • Cracked hands harbour bacteria
25
Q

when are environmental pathogens typically picked up

A

may pick up in the dry period (5% no keratin plug)

damaged teat ends susceptibe

26
Q

what are clinical outbreaks of strep dysgalactiae

A

poor hygiene

increase of teat lesions

milking machine faults

27
Q

what is strep dysgalactiae infection common in

A

heifers, heifer calves, dry cows

28
Q

what is strep dysgalactiae associated with

A

summer mastitis complex

29
Q

where is streptococcus uberis found in the environment

A

ubiquitous

30
Q

when is streptococcus uberis common

A

subclinical infections in the dry period

31
Q

how is treatment of streptococcus uberis

A

difficult

In vitro sensitive to many antibiotics

In vivo poor response

  • Capsule formation
  • Strains
  • Intracellular
  • Mammary lymph node
32
Q

where is coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) found in

A

teat skin, teat end and teat canal

33
Q

what level of pathogenicity is coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) considered

A

low

34
Q

what lactation is coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) infection associated with

A

1st lactation animals with higher rate of infection

35
Q

at what point in the cycle is CNS infection common

A

highest infection immediately after calving and late lactation

36
Q

what increases the risk for E coli infection

A

Early lactation (dry period; after calving)

Poor hygiene

Immunosuppression (metabolic diseases)

Extremely low SCC herds

37
Q

what does acute and severe clinical mastitis with E coli infection lead to

A

Rapid multiplication —> endotoxin (LPS) —>

  • High/subnormal temp
  • Depression
  • Anorexia
  • Rumen stasis
  • Diarrhea
  • Recumbence
  • Death
38
Q

what is klebsiella spp infection associated with and how is it spread

A

Contaminated/poor quality sawdust bedding

Fecal shedding

39
Q

what does klebsiella spp do

A

Invade deeply into the gland and damage secretory capacity

40
Q

does klebsiella spp have an endotoxin

A

yes

41
Q

how should severe klebsiella infections be treated as

A

severe clinical cases approach as E coli mastitis

may cause chronic infections

42
Q

what are sources of pseudomonas spp

A

Contaminated water, udder wash, teat-dip and dry cow tubes

43
Q

what are the signs of pseudomonas spp

A

Clinical mastitis — often with gangrene; death

44
Q

how is the treatment response of pseudomonas spp

A

poor antibiotic response

Usually culled because they are untreatable

45
Q

what is arcanobacter pyogenes (trueperella pyogenes) associated with

A

Dry cow mastitis (‘summer mastitis’)

46
Q

how is arcanobacter pyogenes (trueperella pyogenes) transmitted

A

Files, contact with contaminated environment

47
Q

what is the route of arcanobacter pyogenes (trueperella pyogenes)

A

Damaged teat skin or canal

48
Q

what are the signs of arcanobacter pyogenes (trueperella pyogenes)

A

Quarter:

  • Swollen, hot, painful, thick purulent secretion

Cow:

  • Often sick/pyrexic, may lose the quarter and may abort
49
Q

what other bacteria may be present with Arcanobacter pyogenes (Trueperella pyogenes)

A

+/- Peptococcus indolicus

+/- Streptococcus dysgalactiae

50
Q

where are yeasts found

A

straw or other bedding wet and/or mouldy

51
Q

what are risks for yeast infections

A

Cows lying out of cubicles (free-stalls)

Failure to dry teats after wash before milking (contaminated and non-sanitized water)

52
Q

how are yeasts treated

A

difficult to treat

not responsive to antibiotics

53
Q

how do we see and diagnose environmental mastitis during lactation

A

Milk sampling

High BTSCC in early lactation and high % clinical

  • Picking them up in the dry period and presenting with them when they start lactating

Large numbers of cows coming in with mastitis — easy to cure

  • Strep uberis can be frustrating
  • Compared to Staph spp

Herd test trends

54
Q

how do we manage and treat environmental mastitis

A

Dry cow therapy!

  • Treat existing infection and PREVENT NEW INFECTION

Teat sealant or combo therapy

  • Inert or one with an antibiotic

Teat spray/dip

Improve hygiene in the environment

Udder prep for milking

Udder prep for DCT and LCT

Minimize milk dripping pre-calving

  • Open teat ends and more susceptible

Nutrition (feces)

  • Scraping of manure so they are not sitting in feces
  • Runny feces difficult to clean
55
Q

how do we prevent environmental mastitis

A

Hygiene at dry off

Good dry cow management

Feed pad/shed/race hygiene

Udder hygiene

Teat spray/dip

Teat end condition — emollients (create a proper seal)

Module 21: Ruminant Production (21 decks)

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