Herd Mastitis Flashcards by Kayla Stauffer

what are the main bacteria that cause mastitis

staphylococcus aureus

coagulase negative staphylococci

streptococcus agalactiae

streptococcus dysgalactiae

E coli

Klebsiella

truepurella pyogens

mycoplasma bovis

corynebacterium bovis

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what is the definition of major pathogens

serious reaction

high SCC

milk drop

clinical signs of diseease

even death of cow

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what are examples of major pathogens

streptococcus agalactiae

streptococcus dysgalactiae

streptococcus uberis

E coli

staphylococcus aureus

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what is the definition of minor pathogens

mild immune response

no or slight increase of SCC

slight decrease or perhaps increase in production and may cause clinical signs of disease

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what are examples of minor pathogens

corynebacterium bovis

staphylococcus epidermidis

coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS)

micrococci

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what is contagious clinical mastitis

infection transmitted from cow to cow by milking machine and milkers (ex hands)

cow to cow

milker’s hands, milking machine

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what is environmental clinical mastitis

infection acquired from the cow’s environment

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what are examples of contagious pathogens

staphylococcus aureus

streptococcus agalactiae

mycoplasma spp

CNS

streptococcus uberis

streptococcus dysgalactiae

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what are examples of environmental pathogens

e coli

klebsiella spp

CNS

streptococcus dysgalactiae

streptococcus uberis

yeasts

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what can contribute to contagious mastitis

damaged teat ends susceptible, milking machine malfunction can contribute

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how does staphylococcus aureus spread and where does it go

Mammary gland of infected cows (bovine skin, milkers hands, flies and barn environment)

Adhere to the endothelial lining of the teat and udder cisterns

High up in the udder

Easily spread in-parlour

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what does acute/peracute infection staphylococcus aureus cause

acute/peracute infection

severe systemic reaction
recently post calving (NEB)
gangrene

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what does chronic staphylococcus aureus cause

Increased prevalence: older cows; late in the LAC

Moderate inflammatory reaction

Missed or few clots

Tissue atrophy and abscessation

Notoriously difficult to treat and control!

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why is staphylococcus aureus difficult to treat and control

1st case of infection the cow is treatable with a cure rate of about ~70% with a prolonged antibiotic therapy

Recurrent cases cure rates are around ~20%

Cows appear to clear up and then within 7 days they reappear with a recurrent infection —> typical pattern because it hides so high up in the udder antibiotic penetration can be poor

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what does Streptococcus agalactiae cause

subclinical infections

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what are the main features of Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis

Highly contagious

Udder (occasionally teat canal and teat skin when the surface is cracked)

Subclinical infections

High SCC cows

Easy to isolate on culture (infected quarter — up to 10^8 bacteria/ml):

Cow
Bulk tank

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how does streptococcus agalactiae respond to antimicrobial therapy

‘blitz’ therapy

all quarters of infected cow (whole herd/selected animals)

good response

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what are the main features of mycoplasma spp

highly contagious

most common spp is m. bovis

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what might mycoplasma be associated with

resp disease

arthritis

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why is biosecurity important in mycoplasma spp

importation of cattle into a herd

not common in UK but in USA and Europe

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is there a good response to treatment of mycoplasma

poor response

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how do we see and diagnose contagious mastitis during lactation

Recurrent clinical cases

Treatment failures

High SCC but not necessarily high clinical numbers

Climbing BTSCC (10% rise?)

Insidious contagious problem

Collecting milk samples — but hard to culture

Repeat sampling may be necessary — intermittent shedding

Cow history and clinical cure rates, use herd test trends

>10% of herd >200,000 cells at consecutive tests, high new IMI rate for heifers entering the herd

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how do we manage and treat contagious mastitis

Find clinical early, remove from supply, milk last — reduce infection spread

She can infect a bunch of other cows
Key is to identify early so you can separate them
Best chance of cure when identified early and given extended course of antibiotic therapy
Time dependent bug so its how long the bugs are exposed to antibiotics that give the best results

Routine looking for clinical

Extended lactational cow therapy best chance of cure

Dry cows off — long course of antibiotic may increase chance of cure

30-50 days of cover

how do we prevent contagious mastitis

Reduced infected population — cull cows, treat cows

Teat dip/spray

Milking machine maintenance

Milking routine

Sterile and hygienic

Gloves

Cracked hands harbour bacteria

when are environmental pathogens typically picked up

may pick up in the dry period (5% no keratin plug) damaged teat ends susceptibe

what are clinical outbreaks of strep dysgalactiae

poor hygiene increase of teat lesions milking machine faults

what is strep dysgalactiae infection common in

heifers, heifer calves, dry cows

what is strep dysgalactiae associated with

summer mastitis complex

where is streptococcus uberis found in the environment

ubiquitous

when is streptococcus uberis common

subclinical infections in the dry period

how is treatment of streptococcus uberis

difficult In vitro sensitive to many antibiotics In vivo poor response * Capsule formation * Strains * Intracellular * Mammary lymph node

where is coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) found in

teat skin, teat end and teat canal

what level of pathogenicity is coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) considered

low

what lactation is coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) infection associated with

1st lactation animals with higher rate of infection

at what point in the cycle is CNS infection common

highest infection immediately after calving and late lactation

what increases the risk for E coli infection

Early lactation (dry period; after calving) Poor hygiene Immunosuppression (metabolic diseases) Extremely low SCC herds

what does acute and severe clinical mastitis with E coli infection lead to

Rapid multiplication —\> endotoxin (LPS) —\> * High/subnormal temp * Depression * Anorexia * Rumen stasis * Diarrhea * Recumbence * Death

what is klebsiella spp infection associated with and how is it spread

Contaminated/poor quality sawdust bedding Fecal shedding

what does klebsiella spp do

Invade deeply into the gland and damage secretory capacity

does klebsiella spp have an endotoxin

yes

how should severe klebsiella infections be treated as

severe clinical cases approach as E coli mastitis may cause chronic infections

what are sources of pseudomonas spp

Contaminated water, udder wash, teat-dip and dry cow tubes

what are the signs of pseudomonas spp

Clinical mastitis — often with gangrene; death

how is the treatment response of pseudomonas spp

poor antibiotic response ## Footnote Usually culled because they are untreatable

what is arcanobacter pyogenes (trueperella pyogenes) associated with

Dry cow mastitis (‘summer mastitis’)

how is arcanobacter pyogenes (trueperella pyogenes) transmitted

Files, contact with contaminated environment

what is the route of arcanobacter pyogenes (trueperella pyogenes)

Damaged teat skin or canal

what are the signs of arcanobacter pyogenes (trueperella pyogenes)

Quarter: * Swollen, hot, painful, thick purulent secretion Cow: * Often sick/pyrexic, may lose the quarter and may abort

what other bacteria may be present with Arcanobacter pyogenes (Trueperella pyogenes)

+/- Peptococcus indolicus +/- Streptococcus dysgalactiae

where are yeasts found

straw or other bedding wet and/or mouldy

what are risks for yeast infections

Cows lying out of cubicles (free-stalls) Failure to dry teats after wash before milking (contaminated and non-sanitized water)

how are yeasts treated

difficult to treat not responsive to antibiotics

how do we see and diagnose environmental mastitis during lactation

Milk sampling High BTSCC in early lactation and high % clinical * Picking them up in the dry period and presenting with them when they start lactating Large numbers of cows coming in with mastitis — easy to cure * Strep uberis can be frustrating * Compared to Staph spp Herd test trends

how do we manage and treat environmental mastitis

Dry cow therapy! * Treat existing infection and PREVENT NEW INFECTION Teat sealant or combo therapy * Inert or one with an antibiotic Teat spray/dip Improve hygiene in the environment Udder prep for milking Udder prep for DCT and LCT Minimize milk dripping pre-calving * Open teat ends and more susceptible Nutrition (feces) * Scraping of manure so they are not sitting in feces * Runny feces difficult to clean

how do we prevent environmental mastitis

Hygiene at dry off Good dry cow management Feed pad/shed/race hygiene Udder hygiene Teat spray/dip Teat end condition — emollients (create a proper seal)