Producing a genetically engineered organism

Question 1

How are organisms genetically engineered?

Answer 1

1. Identify the genes that code for the desired characteristic
2. Remove the gene from the donor organism
3. Insert the gene into the host organism

Question 2

Name examples of useful substances made from genetically engineered bacteria.

Answer 2

• Hormones
• Vaccines
• Antibiotics

Question 3

How is bacteria genetically engineered?

Answer 3

Restriction enzymes cut the donor DNA at specific base sequences via a staggered cut, leaving a few exposed unpaired bases on the ends of DNA strands caled sticky ends. The same restriction enzymes are also used to cut open the bacterial plasmid. Ligase enzymes then rejoin DNA strands at the sticky ends.

Question 4

Compare cloning and genetic engineering.

Answer 4

cloning produces exact genetic copies and genes are copied within the same species, genetic engineering produces a unique set of genes and genes can be transferred between species

Question 5

How do you check if genetic engineering has been successful?

Answer 5

• Insert an antibiotic resistance gene into the plasmid at the same time as inserting the gene coding for the desired characteristic
• Transfer the bacteria to an agar plate containing the selected antibiotic and allow the bacteria to grow
• Any bacterial colonies present will survive because they now contain the antibiotic resistance marker gene