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module 102: T1 Human Body > principles of the skeletal system > Flashcards

principles of the skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A
  • protection of organs
  • supports the body
  • movement
  • metabolic reservoir
  • production of new red blood cells
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2
Q

What are the two divisons of the skeletal system?

A

axial and appendicular

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3
Q

What is part of the axial division of the skeletal system?

A
  • cranium
  • thoracic cage
  • spine
  • sacrum
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4
Q

What is part of the appendicular division of the skeletal system?

A
  • shoulders
  • hips
  • limbs
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5
Q

What are the 3 layers of the embryonic disc?

A
  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm
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6
Q

What are the two types of tissues in the skeletal system?

A

cartilage and bone

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7
Q

Describe the cartilage

A
  • forms skeleton in parts where flexibility is required
  • avascular
  • connective tissue
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8
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

compact and spongy

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9
Q

Describe bone

A
  • hard form of connective tissue
  • provides rigid framework
  • vascular
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10
Q

What is ossification?

A

the process by which bone is formed

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11
Q

What is the process by which bone is formed called?

A

ossification

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12
Q

What are the two methods through which ossification can occur?

A
  • intramembranous
  • endochondral
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13
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

embryonic connective tissue

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14
Q

Describe the steps of intramembranous ossification?

A
  • mineralisation of mesenchyme
  • cells divide and condense around capillary network (grows radially, fusing together and replacing connective tissue)
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15
Q

What is the starting point in intramembranous ossification called?

A

primary ossification centre

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16
Q

What does undifferentiated mesenchyme become in intramembranous ossification?

A

bone marrow

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17
Q

Give examples of bones arising from intramembranous ossification

A
  • skull
  • mandible
  • clavicle
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18
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

where a cartilaginous template made from the mesenchyme is replaced by bone

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19
Q

What 2 cells is the bone made up of?

A
  • osteoprogenitor cells
  • osteoclasts
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20
Q

What 2 cells types can osteoprogenitor cells become?

A

osteoblasts and osteocytes

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21
Q

What are osteoclasts derived from?

A

blood monocytes/macrophages

22
Q

Which 2 bone cell types are responsible for the constant remodelling of bones?

A

osteoclasts and osteoblasts

23
Q

Which things we eat regulate bone maintenance?

A
  • calcium
  • phosphorous
  • vitamin A, C, D
24
Q

What role does vitamin A have in bone maintenance?

A

bone remodelling

25
Q

What is vitamin C essential for in bone maintenance?

A

connective tissue

26
Q

What is vitamin D essential for in bone maintenance?

A

calcium absorption

27
Q

Which hormones control bone development?

A
  • parathyroid hormone
  • growth hormone (GH)
28
Q

What is spongy bone also known as?

A
  • cancellous bone
  • trabecular bone
29
Q

Describe spongy bone?

A
  • irregular bony plates called trabeculae
  • surrounded by red marrow
  • highly vascuralised
30
Q

How can bone be classified?

A
  • long bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
  • short bones
  • sesamoid bones
31
Q

How many bones are we born with?

A

270

32
Q

How many bones do we have by adulthood?

A

206

33
Q

What are the 3 classes of joints?

A
  • synovial
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
34
Q

Describe synovial joints?

A
  • have a joint capsule and synovial cavity
  • permit movement
35
Q

What are the types of synovial joints?

A
  • plane
  • saddle
  • ball and socket
  • hinge
  • pivot
  • condyloid
36
Q

Describe fibrous joints?

A
  • connected by collagen
  • do not permit movement
37
Q

Give an example of fibrous joints?

A

sutures of skull

38
Q

Describe cartilaginous joints?

A
  • connected by cartilage
  • allow some movement
39
Q

What is the mesoderm layer?

A

middle layer of embryonic disc from which all connective tissue develops

40
Q

What is a foramen?

A

a hole within a bone through which neurovascular structures may pass

41
Q

When does bone development start and finish?

A
  • starts at 8 weeks
  • ends at around 20 years
42
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue that covers skeletal system (except at articulation)?

A

periosteum

43
Q

What is the connective tissue surrounding cartilage called?

A

perichondrium

44
Q

How is compact (cortical) bone arranged?

A

usually in lamellae (called concentric layers)

45
Q

How do the lamellae in compact bone get arranged?

A

they are laid down by osteoblasts

46
Q

How do the osteoblasts often become osteocytes?

A
  • osteoblasts get trapped in osteoid matrix
  • turn into osteocytes occupying their own lacunae
47
Q

How do osteocytes communicate between each other if they are trapped in their lacunae?

A
  • canaliculi radiate from each lacunae
  • this is how nutrients travel to them
48
Q

What contains the neurovascular supply in compact bones?

A

the Haversian canal

49
Q

In what group of people are bone fractures the most common?

A
  • over 50s
  • cis-women
50
Q

What are the most commonly fractured bones?

A
  • distal radius
  • ankle
  • metacarpals
  • proximal femur
  • proximal humerus
51
Q

Why can bones heal so well?

A

because they are a vascularised tissue

module 102: T1 Human Body (21 decks)

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