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module 102: T1 Human Body > how cells respond to injury > Flashcards

how cells respond to injury Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

increase in cell size

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2
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

increase in cell number

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3
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

change of a tissue into another in response to a change in environment

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4
Q

What are the ways a tissue can grow?

A
  • multiplicative
  • auxetic
  • accretionary
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5
Q

What is multiplicative growth of tissue?

A

increase in cell number by mitotic division

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6
Q

What is auxetic growth of tissue?

A

increase in cell size

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7
Q

What is accretionary growth of tissue?

A

increase in extracellular tissue

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8
Q

What are the ways cells can respond to stress?

A
  • adapt
  • suffer reversible injury
  • suffer irreversible injury
  • die
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9
Q

What are the 4 options cells have to adapt?

A
  • hypertrophy
  • hyperplasia
  • atrophy
  • metaplasia
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10
Q

What is atrophy?

A

reduction in cell size and/or number

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11
Q

What is starvation?

A

atrophy of an entire organism

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12
Q

How is growth calculated?

A

increase in cell number - decrease

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13
Q

What adaptive response is available to permanent cells?

A

only hypertrophy

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of cells when it comes to proliferation?

A
  • labile cells
  • stable cells
  • permanent cells
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15
Q

Describe the proliferation, cell turnover and lifespan of labile cells

A
  • continuous proliferation
  • high cell turnover
  • short lifespan
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16
Q

Describe the proliferation, cell turnover and lifespan of stable cells

A
  • good regeneration ability
  • low cell turnover
  • longer lifespan
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17
Q

Describe the proliferation, cell turnover and lifespan of permanent cells

A
  • little/no regeneration
  • very low/no cell turnover
  • long lifespan
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18
Q

Give examples of labile cells

A
  • epithelial cells
  • white blood cells
19
Q

Give examples of stable cells

A

hepatocytes (liver cells)

20
Q

Give examples of permanent cells

A
  • neurons
  • cardiac/skeletal muscle
  • red blood cells
21
Q

What is an example of physiological hypertrophy?

A

hypertrophy of skeletal muscle through training

22
Q

What is an example of pathological hypertrophy?

A

cardiac hypertrophy owing to hypertension/valvular disease

23
Q

What are the two types of physiological hyperplasia?

A
  • hormonal
  • compensatory
24
Q

What is hormonal physiological hyperplasia?

A

hyperplasia that increase the functional capacity

25
Q

What is compensatory hyperplasia?

A

hyperplasia when tissue is lost

26
Q

What is pathological hyperplasia often due to?

A

usually excess hormonal stimulation of cells

27
Q

How is pathological hyperplasia distinct from neoplasia?

A

because if the stress influence goes away, the cells go back to normal

28
Q

In what tissues is metaplasia commonly seen?

A
  • usually in epithelium
  • possible in mesenchymal tissues
29
Q

Explain the mechanism behind metaplasia?

A

stem cell differentiate along a different pathway owing to a change in the local microenvironment

30
Q

Describe smoking’s involvement in metaplasia

A

bronchial ciliated epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium

31
Q

Describe the sort of cycle that happens with reversible cell injury?

A
  1. changes in ion conc means changes in osmosis
  2. swelling of cell means changes in organelles and cytoskeleton
  3. increasing eosinophilia and redness
32
Q

At what point does reversible cell injury become irreversible cell injury

A

when lysosome ruptures and autodigestion starts

33
Q

What are the 3 nuclear changes that can happen because of irreversible cell injury

A
  • karyolysis
  • karyorrhexis
  • pyknosis
34
Q

What is karyolysis?

A

breakdown of nucleus because of enzymes released by lysosome

35
Q

What is karyorrhexis?

A

rupture of nuclear membrane

36
Q

What is pyknosis?

A

process of nuclear shrinkage

37
Q

What is the mechanism of necrosis?

A
  • mitochondrial damage
  • influx of calcium
  • accumulation of oxygen radicals
  • increased membrane permeability
  • DNA and protein damage
  • drop in pH (lactic acid)
38
Q

What are the 3 macroscopic patterns of necrosis

A
  • coagulative
  • liquefactive/colliquative
  • caseous necrosis
39
Q

Describe coagulative necrosis

A

shape preserved for some time

40
Q

Describe liquefactive/colliquative necrosis

A

shape quickly lost

41
Q

Describe caseous necrosis

A

cheese-like appearance

42
Q

What are the two pathways for apoptosis?

A
  1. death receptor mediated
  2. mitochondrial mediated
43
Q

What is the final mechanism for apoptosis no matter the pathway?

A

activation of intracellular caspase 3 to degrade DNA and cell proteins

44
Q

What is the estimated human cell turnover?

A

a million a second

module 102: T1 Human Body (21 decks)

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