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module 102: T1 Human Body > body responds to injury - inflammation > Flashcards

body responds to injury - inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 classical signs of inflammation?

A
  • calor (heat)
  • dolor (pain)
  • rubor (redness)
  • tumor (swelling)
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2
Q

What is the 5th sign of inflammation and who coined it?

A
  • functio laesa (loss of function)
  • Rudolf Virchow
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3
Q

Define inflammation

A

a complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli involving immune cells, blood vessels and molecular mediators

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4
Q

What is the function of inflammation?

A
  • eliminate the initial cause of injury
  • clear out damaged tissues
  • initiate tissue repair
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5
Q

Describe acute inflamation

A
  • short duration
  • usually severe intensity
  • classically neutrophils, antibodies and complements
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6
Q

Describe chronic inflammation

A
  • long
  • mild to severe intensity
  • other leucocytes that neutrophils
  • may cause severe progressive tissue damage over time
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7
Q

What are some types of harmful inflammation?

A
  • autoimmune disease
  • allergy
  • inadequately controlled
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8
Q

What are the 5 Rs of what happens in the inflammatory process?

A
  1. Recognition
  2. Recruitment (of leukocytes)
  3. Removal
  4. Regulation (of inflammatory response)
  5. Resolution/Repair
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9
Q

What are the 3 steps of acute inflammation?

A
  1. vascular dilatation
  2. increased vascular permeability + extravasation of fluid
  3. emigration of leukocytes, primarily neutrophils
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10
Q

How is vasodilation triggered in the first step of acute inflammation?

A
  • endothelium produces histamine and nitric oxide
  • this relaxes the vascular smooth muscle
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11
Q

What does vasodilaton result in (first step of acute inflammation)?

A
  • results in stasis of the blood
  • increase in hydrostatic pressure, leading to oedema
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12
Q

Which classical signs of inflammation happen due to the first step of acute inflammation?

A
  • rubor
  • tumor
  • calor
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13
Q

How is step 2 of acute inflammation carried out?

A

histamine and nitric oxide activate endothelial cells themselves and make them retract from each other

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14
Q

What is the other name for oedema in inflammation?

A

acute inflammatory exudate

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15
Q

What is the difference between exudate and transudate?

A
  • exudate: gap big enough for proteins to leave
  • transudate: only fluid really gets through
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16
Q

What are the 3 steps to the leukocytes leaving the vasculature in acute inflammation?

A
  1. margination and rolling along vessel wall
  2. adhesion to activated endothelium
  3. emigration through vessel wall
17
Q

Which proteins are involved in the margination of leukocytes along endothelium wall? What are they upregulated by?

A
  • SELECTINS
  • upregulated by tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and Interleukin 1 (IL-1)
18
Q

What mediates the adhesion of leukocytes to the activated endothelium in acute inflammation? What are hey upregulated by?

A
  • INTEGRINS (VCAM-1, ICAM-1)
  • upregulated by TNF and IL-1
19
Q

What mediates the emigration of leukocytes through the vessel wall in acute inflammation?

A

CD31 and PECAM-1

20
Q

Which complement factors are involved in acute inflammation, and what do they do?

A

C3 and C5
- interplay between neutrophils, macrophages and the complement system

21
Q

How do leukocytes move?

A
  • contractile cytoplasmic microtubules
  • changes in cytoplasmic fluidity
22
Q

What do leukocytes move towards and what is that called?

A
  • towards higher concentration of chemical mediators
  • chemotaxis
23
Q

Which mediators are involved in vasodilation?

A
  • histamine
  • nitric oxide
  • prostaglandins
24
Q

Which mediators are involved in increased vascular permeability?

A
  • histamine
  • complement C3a and C5a
  • bradykinin
  • leukotrienes
25
Q

Which mediators are involved in chemotaxis and leukocyte recruitment?

A
  • TNF
  • IL-1
  • complement C3a and C5a
26
Q

Which mediators are involved in fever?

A
  • TNF
  • IL-1
  • prostaglandins
27
Q

Which mediators are involved in pain?

A
  • prostaglandins
  • bradykinin
28
Q

Which mediators are involved in tissue and cell damage?

A
  • lysosomal enzymes from leukocytes
  • reactive oxygen species
  • nitric oxide
29
Q

What are the 4 main manifestations of acute inflammation?

A
  • serous inflammation and effusion
  • fibrinous inflammation
  • purulent inflammation and abscess formation
  • ulceration
30
Q

What are the 3 possible outcomes of acute inflammation?

A
  • complete resolution
  • abscess healing by scarring (fibrosis)
  • progression to chronic inflammation
31
Q

What is granulomatous inflammation?

A
  • common subtype of chronic inflammation
  • collections of activated epithelioid macrophages
32
Q

What is a naked granuloma?

A

not surrounded by lymphocytes

33
Q

What is a necrotizing granuloma?

A

granuloma that may show central necrosis

module 102: T1 Human Body (21 decks)

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