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module 102: T1 Human Body > principles of nervous system 2 > Flashcards

principles of nervous system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How are spinal nerves organised?

A

segmentally

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2
Q

What is meant by spinal nerves being segmentally organised?

A
  • one pair of spinal nerves at each vertebrae
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3
Q

What are the names of the different areas of spinal nerves? How many are there for each?

A
  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
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4
Q

Describe how the nerves are organised at the cervical area?

A
  • only 7 cervical vertebrae
  • C1-7 exit above vertebrae
  • C8+ exit below
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5
Q

How do spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord?

A

via nerve roots

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6
Q

Where do nerve roots sit?

A

within the vertebral canal

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7
Q

What are the two roots that connect to the spinal cord?

A
  • ventral root
  • dorsal root
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8
Q

What type of axons come in through the ventral root?

A
  • efferent
  • motor and sympathetic
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9
Q

What type of axons come in through the dorsal root?

A
  • afferent
  • somatosensory
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10
Q

What does it mean that spinal nerves are mixed nerves?

A

they contain motor, somatosensory and sympathetic axons

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11
Q

Where do spinal nerves exit through?

A

intervertebral foramen

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12
Q

What can be said about the length of a spinal nerve?

A

they are very short

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13
Q

What can spinal nerves be divided into?

A
  • dorsal/posterior primary ramus
  • ventral/anterior primary ramus
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14
Q

What do dorsal primary rami supply?

A
  • skin over paravertebral gutter
  • erector spinae muscles
  • facet joints of vertebral column
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15
Q

What do ventral primary rami supply?

A

the rest of the body except parts of head/neck

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16
Q

How do the sizes of nerves between the ventral and dorsal primary rami compare?

A

ventral primary rami nerves are much bigger

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17
Q

What do ventral primary rami form?

A
  • intercostal nerves
  • 4 nerve plexuses
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18
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A

where ventral primary rami merge to form nerves that contain axons from multiple spinal nerves

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19
Q

What are the nerve plexuses important for?

A

the innervation to limbs (large muscles)

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20
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

individual strip of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve (primary ramus)

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21
Q

What is a myotome?

A

individual muscle group innervated by a single spinal nerve (primary ramus)

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22
Q

What do dermatomes and myotomes develop from?

A
  • somites
23
Q

What are somites?

A

paired blocks of paraxial mesoderm that form in horizontal bands

24
Q

What is the relationship between somites and spinal nerves?

A

one pair of spinal nerves grows into one pair of somites

25
Q

What are the T1-T11 dermatomes supplied by?

A

the intercostal nerves (which come from ventral primary rami)

26
Q

What is the significance of the T10 dermatome?

A

it is where the umbilicus is

27
Q

What does a changed sensation from a dermatome indicate?

A

injury to the spinal cord, nerve root or spinal nerve

28
Q

How can dermatomes help with viscera pain?

A

viscera pain can be referred to skin dermatomes as cutaneous pain

29
Q

What are the intercostal muscles supplied by?

A

the intercostal nerves (T-T11)

30
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

the involuntary part of the peripheral nervous system

31
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A
  • regulates operation of the internal organs
  • maintains internal environment
  • innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
32
Q

What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
33
Q

What does the sympathetic system do?

A
  • fight or flight response
  • maximises use of metabolic resources
34
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do?

A
  • opposiite to sympathetic
  • switched on during resting
  • conserves metabolic resources
35
Q

What is the origin of the parasympathetic system?

A
  • brainstem
  • sacral spinal cord
36
Q

What is the origin of the sympathetic system?

A

thoracic spinal cord

37
Q

What is autonomic ganglia?

A

where preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons

38
Q

Are preganglionic and postganglionic neurons myelinated or not?

A
  • preganglionic are myelinated
  • postganglionic are unmyelinated
39
Q

Describe the anatomy of the autonomic nervous sytem?

A
  • usually two neurons in a circuit
    1. preganglionic neuron
    2. autonomic ganglia
    3. postganglionic
    4. effector organ
40
Q

What is the exception to the usual 2 neurons in a circuit structure of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • sympathetic supply to the adrenal gland
  • its preganglionic axons only
41
Q

What are some things the sympathetic division controls?

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • bronchi of lungs
  • sweat glands
  • hair follicles
  • blood vessels
  • abdomino-pelvic viscera
  • eye
42
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons found in sympathetic division?

A

the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord (T1-L2)

43
Q

Where do the preganglionic axons exit (sympathetic)?

A

via ventral roots to enter spinal nerves

44
Q

What is the sympathetic trunk?

A
  • interconnected paravertebral ganglia
  • extends length of vertebral column
45
Q

Where do the preganglionic axons go after entering the spinal nerves (sympathetic)?

A
  • enter sympathetic trunk
  • synpase with postganglionic neurons
46
Q

What is the ratio of preganglionic neurons to postganglionic neurons?

A

1:20

47
Q

Where can the postganglionic axons go from the sympathetic trunk?

A
  • primary rami (to musculoskeletal system)
  • branches (to heart, lungs or head)
48
Q

What do some preganglionic axons do rather than end at he sympathetic trunk?

A
  • pass through sympathetic trunk
  • enter splanchnic nerves to prevertebral ganglia in abdomen
  • here postganglionic axons innervate abdominal/pelvic organs
49
Q

In the cranial parasympathetic, where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons found?

A

brainstem

50
Q

Where do cranial preganglionic axons go after leaving the brainstem? (to innervate head)

A
  1. pass through cranial nerves to ganglia in head
  2. postganglionic neurons innervate structures in head
51
Q

Where do cranial preganglionic axons go after leaving the brainstem? (to innervate thorax/abdomen)

A
  1. preganglionic axons pass through vagus nerve to thorax and abdomen
  2. postganglionic axons innervate viscera
52
Q

In the sacral parasympathetic, where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons found?

A
  • sacral spinal cord
53
Q

Where do sacral preganglionic axons go after leaving the sacral spinal cord?

A
  1. pass through pelvic splanchnic nerves
  2. post ganglionic axons innervate pelvic viscera
54
Q

What are the pelvic organs?

A
  • bladder
  • rectum
  • sexual function

module 102: T1 Human Body (21 decks)

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