neoplasia Flashcards
What is neoplasia?
abnormal cellular proliferation which is non-responsive to normal growth controls due to genetic abnormality
What does the suffix ‘-oma’ represent?
neoplasm (benign or malignant)
What is carcinoma?
malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue
What is sarcoma?
malignant neoplasm of connective tissue or muscle
What is lymphoma?
malignant neoplasm of lymphocytes
What is melanoma?
malignant neoplasm of melanocytes
What is papilloma?
benign neoplasm of epithelial tissue
What is an oncogene?
a gene that has the potential to cause cancer when mutated or abnormally expressed
Give examples of oncogenes
- KRAS
- Her-2
- NRAS
Give examples of tumour suppressor genes
- p53
- APC
- BRCA1/2
How can tumours be classified by behaviour?
- benign
- borderline
- malignant
How can tumours be classified?
- behaviour
- histogenesis
- grade/differentiation
- molecular classification
What is the histogenesis of a tumour?
the cell of origin
What is a benign tumour?
- no metastasis
- no invasion
- no destruction
- can cause pressure
What is a borderline tumour?
- local invasion and destruction
- no metasasis
What is a malignant tumour?
- invasion
- risk of metastasis
What do benign tumours often look like?
- localised
- well circumscribed borders
- no invasion
- look similar to parent tissue they came from
What do malignant tumours look like?
- poorly defined borders
- invasion of surrounding tissues
What are the 3 types of mestastasis?
- lymphatic metastasis
- haematogenous metastasis
- direct spread
What is haematogenous metastasis?
spread by way of veins or rarely arteries
What is lymphatic metastasis
spread by way of lymphatic channels
What do the stages of cancer describe?
the anatomical extent of a neoplasm
What do the cancer grades describe?
how well a neoplasm resembles normal counterpart tissue
How many cases of cancer were there a day from 2015-2017? What type of cancers were they?
- 1000 a day
- 50% of these are breast, prostate, lung or colon
What is naevus?
benign neoplasm of melanocytes
What is a carcinoma?
malignant neoplasm with both epithelial and connective tissue components
What is teratoma?
neoplasm compromising many different tissues
