Principles Of Pharm Flashcards
Act that classifies certain medications with potential of abuse into five categories (schedules). Also know as the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act)
Controlled Substances Act of 1970
The United States Food and Drug Administration was given enforcement authority for rules requiring that new drugs were safe and pure under the __________________ Act in ____
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938)
High abuse potential; no recognized medical purpose
Schedule 1
High abuse potential; legitimate medical purpose
Schedule 2
Lower potential for abuse than schedule 2 medications
Schedule 3
Examples of schedule 1 medication classifications considered controlled substances
Heroin, marijuana, LSD
Examples of schedule 2 medication classifications
Fentanyl, methylphenidate, cocaine
Types of schedule 3 medication classifications
Hydrocodone, acetaminophen with codeine, ketamine
Types of schedule 4 medication classifications
Diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan)
Types of schedule 5 medication classification
Narcotic cough medicines
Medications made completely in a laboratory setting
Synthetic
Medications made from chemicals derived from plant, animal, or mineral sources that have been chemically modified in a laboratory setting
Semisynthetic
Examples of sources of medication from plants
Atropine, Aspirin, Digoxin, Morphine
Examples of sources of medication from animals
Heparin, Antivenom, Thyroid preparations, Insulin
Examples of sources of medications from microorganisms
Streptokinase, numerous antibiotics
Examples of sources medications from minerals
Iron, Magnesium sulfate, Lithium, Phosphorus, Calcium
The biochemical and physiologic effects and mechanism of action of a medication in the body
Pharmacodynamics
The fate of medications in the body, such as distribution and elimination
Pharmacokinetics
The group of medications that initiates or alters a cellular activity by attaching to receptor sites, prompting a cellular response. (Speeds up activity)
Agonist medications
The group of medications that prevent endogenous or exogenous agonist chemicals from reaching cell receptor sites and initiating or altering a particular cellular activity (blocks activity) (Narcan)
Antagonist medications
The ability of medication to bind with a particular receptor site
Affinity
In a pharmacologic context, the concentration of medication at which initiation or alteration of cellular activity begins
Threshold level
Agonist effect of Alpha receptor -1
Vasoconstriction of arteries and veins
Agonist effect of Alpha receptor -2
Insulin restriction, Glucagon secretion, Inhibition of norepinephrine release
Agonist effect of receptor Beta 1
Increase heart rate (chronotropic effect)
Increased myocardial contractility (inotropic effect)
Increased myocardial conduction (dromotropic effect)
Renin secretion for urinary retention
Agonist effect of receptor Beta 2
Bronchus and bronchiole relaxation
Insulin secretion
Uterine relaxation
Arterial dilation in certain key organs
Agonist effect in receptor Dopaminergic
Vasodilation of renal and mesenteric arteries
Agonist effect of receptor Nicotine
Present at neuromuscular junction, allowing acetylcholine to stimulate muscle contraction
Agonist effect of receptor Muscarinic 2
Present in the heart; activated by ACh to offset sympathetic stimulation, decreasing heart rate, contractility, and electrical conduction velocity
The percentage of the unchanged medication that reaches systemic circulation
Bioavailability
The movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to one high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of a solute on both sides of the membrane
Osmosis
Use of hydrostatic pressure to force water or dissolved particles through a semipermeable membrane
Filtration
A process in which medication molecules temporarily attach to proteins in the blood plasma, significantly altering medication distribution in the body
Plasma protein binding
Many medications undergo some degree of chemical change by the body, known as
Biotransformation
A process with four possible effects on a medication absorbed into the body
Biotransformation
Effects of biotransformation
- An inactive substance can become active, capable of producing desired or unwanted clinical effects
- active meds can be changed into another type of active med
- active med may be completely or partially inactive
- a medication is transformed into a substance that is easier for the body to eliminate
A medication that has undergone biotransformation and is able to alter a cellular process or body function
Active metabolite
A medication that has undergone biotransformation and now is no longer able to alter a cell process or body function; not pharmacologically active
Inactive metabolite
The time needed in an average person for metabolism or elimination of 50% of a substance in the plasma
Half-life
