PRINCIPLES Flashcards
7 principles of good teaching practice
Encourage learner-educator
contact
Encourage cooperation among
learners
Encourage active learning
Give prompt feedback
Emphasize time on task
Communicate high expectations
Respect diverse talents and ways
of learners
are guidelines or principles that direct an individual to understand the meaning of an event or situation.
Learning theories
permanent change in
behavior or behavior potential caused by reinforced practice and experience.
LEARNING
provide basic knowledge
that underpin the teaching-learning
process.
Theories
Theories and practice are
interrelated
LEARNING THEORIES
BEHAVIORAL
COGNITIVE LEARNING
SOCIAL LEARNING
The principles of behaviorism was originally derived from observation of
learning in animals
The fundamental premise of behaviorism
all behavior is
learned
learning is most
influenced through manipulation of
the environment
viewed as capable of
explaining only simple behavior
Behaviorism
behaviorist
school extol the value of
drill
practice
memorization
was a Russian
physiologist known
primarily for his work
in classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov
ivan pavlov studied what
saliva’s role in the digestive tract
conditioned responses
could be eliminated
gradually; a process he
referred to as
EXTINCTION
conditioned stimulus was
again BEINGapplied which Pavlov referred to as
SPONTANEUS
RECOVERY
He focused on the
effects of reward and
punishment, success
or failure, and
satisfaction or
annoyance on the
learner.
Edward Thorndike
3 Major Laws of Learning
The Law of Exercise or Repetition
The Law of Effect
The Law of Readiness
He describe the
effects of the
consequences of a
particular behavior on
the future occurrence
of that behavior
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
what did burhuss skinner imply
“Operant
Conditioning”
what was burrhus research called
skinner box
Is a desirable and pleasing
situation that transpires after a response to increase the
likelihood of its relative
permanence
REINFORCEMENT
refers to adding or
giving an incentives.
REINFORCEMENT
POSITIVE
involve removal of
undesirable consequences.
REINFORCEMENT
NEGATIVE
Is an unpleasant or
unfavorable consequences given after bad behavior which aims to dissuade such negative behavior from recurring.
PUNISHMENT
involves adding or inflicting stimuli as a consequence of
undesirable behavior.
PUNISHMENT
POSITIVE
is the removal of a
wanted and pleasurable
stimuli to weaken behavior.
PUNISHMENT
NEGATIVE
dwell on the learner’s ability to solve problems rather than simply responding to stimuli.
COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES
the study of how our brains work in the process of perceiving, thinking,
remembering and learning
Cognitive science
new information is subsumed into
existing thought and memory structures.
The Subsumption Theory of Meaningful Verbal Learning
are knowledge structures
that are stored in memory
Schemata
COGNIVITIVE LEARNING THEORIES
The Subsumption Theory of Meaningful Verbal Learning
comprehensive
theory of cognitive learning
Levels of Processing Theory
The Parallel Distributing
Model
Connectionistic Model
- the processing sequence occurs in both
memory storage and
memory retrieval
proposes that information is processed by different parts of the memory system simultaneously rather than being sequential process.
The Parallel Distributing
Model
says that information is stored in many places throughout the brain, forming a network of connections.
Connectionistic Model
Argued that animals did not learn everything through a gradual trial-and-error process, or Stimulusresponse association. ; animals
solved problems by
understanding, like human
beings
Wolfgang Kohler
where the learner draws on her own past experiences and existing knowledge to discover facts
Discovery Theory
a theory Explaining human behavior and their
changes as a product of interaction between cognitive, behavioral and environmental determinants
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORIES:
a person or an object with
enough attractiveness and perceived credibility that captures the attention of the learner.
MODEL
components of social learning theory
modelling
attentional processes
retention processes
reproduction
motivation
refer to the ability to retain modeled behaviors in permanent memory.
Retention processes
is the replication of an image including physical
capabilities, and self observation.
Reproduction
is the determination to find a reason to learn or
imitate.
Motivation
Three Basic Components
To Piaget’s Cognitive Theory
Schemas
Adaptation processes
Stages of Cognitive Development:
stages of cognitive development
*Sensorimotor,
*Preoperational
*Concrete operational
*Formal operational
Children interpret
their surroundings
using their senses
and motor abilities.
* They acquire
object permanence
and symbolic
thought
SENSORIMOTOR
STAGE
Children make use
of symbolic
thoughts to
understand their
environment.
* They exhibit
egocentrism and
have no concept of
conservation
PREOPERATIONAL
STAGE
belief that all things are living
Animism
Children at this
stage know how to
use logic in their
thinking on real or
tangible
experiences.
* They are capable
of conservation.
CONCRETE
OPERATIONS
marks
the beginning of logical or operational
thought.
Concrete Operational Stage
ability to
arrange objects
in an order
according to
size, shape, or
any characteristics.
Seriation
Adolescents, aside
from thinking
logically, can now
think abstractly
FORMAL
OPERATIONS
during formal operational stage kids can
test hypotheses
