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Microbiology > Principle of Disease and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Principle of Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define pathology

A

the study of disease

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2
Q

Define etiology

A

the cause of a disease

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3
Q

Define pathogenesis

A

the development of disease

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4
Q

Define infection

A

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

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5
Q

Describe disease

A

an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions

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6
Q

Define translet microbiota

A

may be present for days,weeks, or months

not our normal microbiota

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7
Q

Define normal microbiota

A

permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions

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8
Q

Define human microbiome project

A

analyzes relationship between microbial communities on the body and human health

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9
Q

Describe4 factors distribution and composition is determined by … (normal microbiota)

A

nutrients
physical and chemical factors ( pH.temp)
host defenses
mechanical factors

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10
Q

Where is the normal microbiota located

A 
nose 
throat
eyes
mouth
skin
large intestine
urinary 
reproduction
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11
Q 
Region: Skin
give examples (3)
A

Staphylococcus, corynebacterium,micrococcus candidal ( fugus)

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12
Q

Region: Eye

example(3)

A

staphlococcus epidermidis
S.aureus
micrococcus

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13
Q

Region: nose (2) and throat ( upper respiratory system) (3)

example

A

staphylococcus areus, s.epidermidis -mose

s.epidermidis, s aureus, neisseria-throat

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14
Q

Region: mouth

example (3)

A

streptococcus
lactobacillus
neisseria

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15
Q

region: large intestine

example (4)

A

e.coli
lactobacillus
enterococcus
candida ( fungus)

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16
Q

Region: urinary and reproductive system

example(4)

A

staphylococcus
micrococcus
enterococcus
klebsiella

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17
Q

What are 3 terms of relationship between microbiota and host

A

microbial antagonism ( competitve exclusion)
probiotics
symbiosis

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18
Q

Describe microbial anatagonism

A

a competition between microbes

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19
Q

What are 3 ways normal microbiota protect the host by

A

1) competing for nutrients
2) producing substances harmful to invading microbes
3) affecting pH and available oxygen

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20
Q

Describe probiotics

A

live microbes applied to or ingested into the body,intended to exert a beneficial effect

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21
Q

Describe symbiosis and 3 types

A

relationship b/t normal microbiota and the host
commensalism
mutalism
parasitism

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22
Q

Define commensalism

A

one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

ex. corynebacteria

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23
Q

Define mutalism

A

both organisms benefits

ex. E.coli ( synthesis vitamin B, K; we give nutrients to E.coli)

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24
Q

Describe parasitism

A

one organism benefits at the expense of the other

ex. pathogens

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25
Q

What is opportunistic pathogens

A

e.coli making way to other part of body

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26
Q

Define epidemiology

A

study of occurrence distribution and determinants of health and disease in a population

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27
Q

Define incidence of a disease

A

number of people in a population developing the disease during a particular time period ( number of new cases)

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28
Q

Define prevalence of a disease

A

total number of people in a population affected by the disease at a particular time period ( # of old and new cases)

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29
Q

Define mortality

A

incidence of death in a population due to a particular disease

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30
Q

Define morbidity

A

incidence of a disease in a population which includes a fatal and non-fatal cases

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31
Q

Define infectious disease

A

disease caused by microorganisms

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32
Q

What are 4 classification of infectious disease

A

1) According to the spread of the disease
2) According to the severity or duration of the disease
3) According to the frequency of occurrence of the disease
4) According to the extent to which the human body is affected

33
Q

What are the 3 diseases according to the spread of the diseases

A

1) Communicable disease
2) Contagious disease
3) Non-communicable disease

34
Q

Define communicable disease

A

spread from 1 host to another

ex.tuberculosis,typhoid, measles,chickenpox

35
Q

Define contagious disease

A

a communicable disease that spreads very easily and rapidly from 1 host to another
ex. chickenpox and measles

36
Q

Define non-communicable disease

A

does not spread from 1 host to another

ex. tetanus

37
Q

What are 4 disease type according to severity or duration of the disease

A

1) acute disease
2) chronic diseases
3) subacute disease
45) latent disease

38
Q

Define acute diseases

A

symptoms develop rapidly but last only a short time

ex. cold,pneumonia

39
Q

Define chronic diseases

A

symptoms developed slowly ) months to year)

ex. tuberculosis,hep B

40
Q

Define subacute disease

A

intermediate between acute and chronic

41
Q

Define latent disease

A

disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive

42
Q

What are 4 diseases according to the frequency of occurence of the disease

A

sporadic disease
endemic disease
epidemic disease
pandemic disease

43
Q

Define sporadic disease

A

disease that occurs inly occasionally
ex. typhoid,malaria,dengue - in the US)
may not be sporadic in other parts of world

44
Q

Define endemic disease

A

a disease that is constantly present in a population or a region
ex. cold and malaria

45
Q

Define epidemic disease

A

dissease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time
ex. influenza, food poisoning,viral diarrhea

46
Q

Define pandemic disease

A

an epidemic disease that occurs worldwide

ex. avian influenza

47
Q

What are 2 infections according to the extent to which the human body is affected

A

Local infection

systemic ( generalized ) infection

48
Q

Define local infections

A

infections that affects a small area of the body

49
Q

Define systemic infections

A

infections that spread throughout the body

50
Q

Define bacteremia

A

bacteria in the blood

51
Q

Define septicemia

A

also known as blood poisoning; growth of bacteria in the blood

52
Q

Define toxemia

A

presence of microbial toxins in blood

53
Q

Define viremia

A

presence of viruses in blood

54
Q

Define subclinical infections

A

infections that are present in the body but do not cause any apparent illness or disease
ex. hep A virus, typhoid bacteria, HIV

55
Q

What are 8 predisposing factors

A

1) gender
2) inherited traits
3) climate and weather
4) fatigue
5) age
6) lifestyle
7) nutrition
8) chemotherapy

56
Q

What are the 5 periods for development of disease

A

1) incubation period
2) prodromal period
3) period of illness
4) period of decline
5) period of convalescence

57
Q

Define incubation period

A

time interval between the initial infection and the 1st appearance of signs and symptoms

58
Q

Define prodromal period

A

short periods after incubation; early,mild symptoms

59
Q

Define period of illness

A

disease is the most severe

pt can die during this period

60
Q

Define period of decline

A

signs and symptoms subside

61
Q

Define period of convalescence

A

body returns to its pre-diseased state

62
Q

What are the 3 reservoirs of infection

A

Human reservoirs
animal reservoirs
nonliving reservoirs

63
Q

Define human reservoirs

A

carriers: may have inapparent infections or latent diseases

ex. typhoid, AID, hep B, Covid

64
Q

Define animal reservoir

A

zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans

ex. wild/ doesmotic animals ( via direct contact/aerosol)

65
Q

Define nonliving reservoirs

A

soil and water

ex. tentus,ringworm, gi disease ( typhoid,cholera)

66
Q

What are 3 modes of transmission of disease

A

1) contact transmission
2) vehicle transmission
3) vector transmission

67
Q

What are 3 forms of contact transmission

A

direct contact transmission
indirect contact transmission
droplet transmission

68
Q

Define direct contact transmission

A

requires close association b/t the infected and a susceptible host
ex. aid, hep, influenza. measles

69
Q

Define indirect contact transmission

A

spreads to host by a nonliving object called a fomite
ex. towels,drinking cup
hep B,aid, conjugivitis

70
Q

Define droplet transmission

A

transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter

ex. sa;via,mucous, flu, URT

71
Q

What are 3 vehicle transmission

A

transmission by an inanimated reservior

1) waterborne
2) foodborne
3) airborne

72
Q

What are 2 forms of vector transmission

A

arthropods, especially fleas,ticks, mosquitos
mechanical transmission
biological transmission

73
Q

Define mechanical transmission

A

arthropod carries pathogen on its feet

ex. flies on food

74
Q

Define biological transmission

A

pathogem reproduces in the vector; transmitted via bites or feces
ex. tapeworm

75
Q

Define nosocomial infection

A

healthcare-associated infection
acquired while recieving treatment in a healthcare facility
affects 1 in 25 hospital patients

76
Q

Define compromised host

A

an individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy or burns

77
Q

Give 4 examples of nosocomial infections

A

1) e.coli (UTI)
2) Staphylococcus aureus ( surgical wound)
3) candida ( UTI)
4) Klebsiella pneumoniae ( all sites)

78
Q

What are 4 ways of control of nosocomial infection

A

1) handwashing
2) disinfecting tubs used to bathe patients
3) cleaning instruments scrupulously
4) using disposable banages and intubation

79
Q

2 big ways of controlling nosocomial infection

A

1) reduce number of pathogens

2) infection control committees

Microbiology (16 decks)

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