Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define metabolism

A

sum of chemical in organisms

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 different metabolic reactions

A

1) catabolic reaction

2) anabolic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is catabolic reaction and 2 examples

A

ex: cellular respiration and fermentation

c6h12o6 +02 > 6CO2 +_ 6H2O +ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is anabolic reactions and give examples

A

ex. photosynthesis and lipid biosynthesis

6CO2 +6H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define catabolism

A
  • breakdown of large molecules to smaller molecules
  • energy is generally released
  • mediated by enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define anabolism

A
  • synthesis of larger molecules using smaller molecules
  • energy is generally used up
  • mediated by enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define exergonic reaction

A

energy released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define endergonic reaction

A

energy is utilized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the most common energy currency

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate

A

a modified nucleotide- adenine linked to 5c sugar ribose and 3 phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which phosphate in adenosine is high energy

A

that last phosphate bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define metabolic pathway

A

sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define enzymes

A

biological catalysts
proteins of RNA molecules
substrate speciifc
active site on enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define activation energy

A

enzymes reduced the energy of activation

enzymes is always recycled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the use of oxidoreductase

A

catalyze

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the use of transferase

A

transfer functional group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the use of hydrolase

A

hydrolysis reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the use of ligase

A

Enzyme that can catalyze the joining (ligation) of 2 large molecules by forming a new chemical bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 4 components of enzymes

A

apoenzyme
cofactor
coenzyme
holoenzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define apoenzyme

A

protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define cofactor

A

nonprotein component-inorganic ( metal ion,zinc ion)

activator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

define coenzyme

A

nonprotein component-organic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

define holoenzyme

A

apoenzyme plus cofactor

complete + catalytically active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are 4 important coenzymes

A

NAD+
NADP+
FAD
Coenzyme A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are 4 factors influencing enzyme activity q

A

temperture
ph
substrate concentration
inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What two influences has the ability to denature protein

A

temperture and pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are competitive inhibition

A

competitive inhibitor binds to same active site as substrate so it fights for spot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is an example of a competitive inhibition

A

Sulfa drugs
antibiotic that competes for the active site of folic acid synthesis
in no folic acid synthese in bacteria then no DNA/RNA synthesis so no protein produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define noncompetitive inhibition

A

does not bind to active site, instead to allosteric site

changes shape of active site so substrate can’t bind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Define oxidation

A

removal of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Define reduction

A

gain of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Define redox reaction

A

an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Define dehydrogenation reactions

A

removal of hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How is ATP generated

A

phosphorylation of ADP with the input of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the 2 mechanism of phosphorylation

A

1) in microorganisms

2) in chlorophyll-containing plants or bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Define atp generation in microorganism and 4 examples

A

substrate level phosphorylation: fermentation,glycolysis,krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation/cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Define atp generation in chlorophyll containing plants and bacteria

A

photophosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Define substrate level phosphorylation

A

energy from phosphate to ADP generate ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Define oxidative phosphorylation

A

energy released from transfer of electrons from one compound to another to generate ATP
electron transport chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Define photophosphorylation

A

occurs only in photosynthetic cells

atp is generated by transfer of electrons from chlorophyll to a system of carrier molecules

41
Q

What is needed in photophosphorylation to excite the electron

A

light

42
Q

What are 2 energy production in microorganisms

A

carbohydrate catabolism

lipid+ protein catabolism

43
Q

What are 2 examples of carbohydrate catabolism

A

cellular respiration

fermentation

44
Q

What are 3 stages of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis
kreb’s cycle
electron transport chain (system)

45
Q

Describe stage 1 of cellular respiration

what type of phosphorylation

A

gycolysis

substrate level phosphorylation

46
Q

Describe stage 2 of cellular respiration

what type of phosphorylation

A

pyruvate oxidation and krebs cycle

substrate level phosphorylation

47
Q

Describe stage 3 of cellular respiration

A

electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

oxidative phosphorylation

48
Q

Where does glycolysis occur in the cell
what is the product
what are the net amounts of atp

A 
occurs in the cytoplasm
product: 3 carbon compound: Pyruvate 
in: 2 ATP
OUT: 4 atp
NET: 2 ATP
2NADH
49
Q

What are the products from glycolysis per glucose molecules

A

4 ATP: 2 ATP invested; net gain of 2 ATP
2 pyruvate molecules
2 NADH molecules

50
Q

What are 2 alternative pathways to glycolysis

A

1) Pentose phosphate pathway

2) entner-doudoroff pathway

51
Q

Describe Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A

produces pentose sugars and 2 NADPH
Net gain: 1 ATP
Ex. escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, bacillus subtilis

52
Q

Describe entner doudoroff pathway

A

net gain: 1 atp and 2 NADPH
some gram negative bacteria ( pseudomonas,rhizobium,agrobacterium)
does not involve glycolysys

53
Q

What occurs in the intermediate stage of cellular respiration

A

pyruvic acid ( from glycolysis) is converted to Acetyl CoA
decarboxylation
2 pyruvic acid is produced at end of stage

54
Q

What are the products of the intermediate step

A

2 Acetyl CoA molecules
2 CO2 molecules
2 NADH molecules

55
Q

What occurs in stage 2 of cellular respiration: Kreb cycle

where in the cell does it occur and what products generated

A 
cytoplasm( prokaryotes)
mitochondrial matrix ( eukaryotes)
each cycle generate 
1 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2
2 CO2 
processes 2 molecules of Acetyl CoA
56
Q

What are the products of the Kreb cycle

A

2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
4 CO2

57
Q

What are the 2 parts of stage 3 of cellular respiration

A

electron transport chain ( Aerobic respiration)

chemiosmosis

58
Q

Where does electron transport chain take place and what occurs in this step

A

plasma membrane of prokaryotes
inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes
involves electrons carried by NADH + FADH2
sense of carrier molecules ( flavoproteins,cytochrome,ubiquinone)
produces most ATPs
oxidative phosphorylation

59
Q

Define chemiosmosis

A

energy released from the electron transport chain is used
this H+ gradient proton motive force is created
H+ ions high in periplasmic space and low in cytoplasm
ATP synthase will let the H+ ions through

60
Q

Number of energy in aerobic respiration

A

oxygen is the final electron acceptor in electron transport chain
1 NADH = 3 ATP
1 FADH2 = 2 ATP

61
Q

Why is total ATP yeild lower in eukaryotic vs prokaryotic

A

energy is used to transfer to mitocondira

62
Q

Describe the 5 difference in anaerobic cellular respiration in prokaryotes

A

1) final electron acceptor is an inorganic substrate ( not oxygen)
2) nitrate ion reduced to nitrite ion,nitrous oxide or nitrogen gas
ex. pseudomonas and bacillus
3) sulfate ion reduced to hydrogen sulfide ( Desulfovibrio)
4) carbonate converted to methane
5) ATP yield is less than aerobic respiration

63
Q

Define aerobic respiration in terms of final electron acceptor

A

the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen ( O2)

64
Q

Define anaerobic respiration in term of last electron acceptors

A

the final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain is not O2

65
Q

Describe carbohydrate catabolism in term of pathway involved in eukaryote cells

A

glycolysis: cytoplasm
intermediate step: mitochondrial matrix
kreb’s cycle: mitochondrial matrix
ETC: mitochondrial inner membrane

66
Q

Describe carbohydrate catabolism in terms of pathway take place in parokaryote

A

glycolysis: cytoplasm
intermediate step: cytoplasm
kreb’s cycle: cytoplasm
ETC: plasma membrane

67
Q

Describe fermentation

A

release energy from oxidation of organic molecules
does not require oxygen
does not use the krebs cycle or ETC
uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor

68
Q

What microbe uses fermentation

A

streptococcis ( incapable of respiration)

faculative anaerobes

69
Q

What is the main purpose of fermentation

A

regeneration of NAD+

70
Q

What are 2 types of fermentation

A

lactic acid fermentation

alcohol fermentation

71
Q

What is the end product of fermentation of streptococcus,lactobacillus, bacillus (1)

A

pyruvic acid > lactic acid

72
Q

What is the end product of fermentation in Saccharomyces ( yeast)

A

pyruvic acid > ethanol and CO2

73
Q

What is the end products of fermentation for Escherichia and salmonella (6)

A 
ethanol
lactic acid
succinic acid
acetic acid
co2
h2
74
Q

Describe enzymes used in lipid and protein catabolism(3)

A

extracellular enzymes

enzymes include lipase,proteases and peptidases

75
Q

What does lipase do in lipid catabolism

A

breakdown fats to fatty acids and glycerol

ex. phospholipase-staphyloccus aureus

76
Q

What does proteases and peptidases do in protein catabolism

A

proteases and peptidases breakdown large proteins to their amino acids

77
Q

Draw out lipid catabloism

A

reference notebook

78
Q

draw out protein catabolism

A

reference notebook

79
Q

Why do microorganism use atp synthesise

A

for bio synthesis

80
Q

What is biosynthesis

A 
synthesis of 
polysaccharides like glycogen and peptidoglycan
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
81
Q

What are the 2 sequential stages in photosynthesis

A 
light dependent ( light) reaction
light independent ( dark) reaction
82
Q

Describe light-dependent reaction in terms of the 3 products it makes

A

product: oxygen, ATP, NADPH
NADP+ > NADPH
ATP- photophosphorylation

83
Q

Describe light independent reaction

A

product: sugar

calvin cycle

84
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in prokaryotic

A

plasma membrane

85
Q

What is the formula for oxygenic photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 12H2O + LIGHT ENERGY > C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2

86
Q

What is the formula for anoxygenic phtosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 12H2S + LIGHT ENERGY > C6H12O6 + 6H20 + 12S

87
Q

What are 3 photosynthetic pigments

A
  • green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria ( chlorophyll a)
  • other bacteria ( bacterioclorophylls)
  • photosystems: photosystem 1- p700 and ph0totsystem 2- P680
88
Q

Describe cyclic photophosphorylation

A

refernce notebook

89
Q

describe noncyclic phtotphosphorylation

A

reference notebook

90
Q

What are the 3 products of light reaction

A

ATP
NADPH
OXYGEN

91
Q

Describe light independent ( dark) reaction

A

calvin cycle
known proiducts NADPH + ATP used to fix carbon dioxide to sugar
CO2 enters
enzymes: ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase ( RuBis CO)
product: organic sugar molecule

92
Q

What 2 sources are used in classification of metabolic diversity

A

energy source

carbon source

93
Q

What are 2 microorganism classifications based on energy source

A

phototrophs

chemotrophs

94
Q

Define phototrophs

A

use energy from light

95
Q

define chemotroph

A

use energy from redox reaction

96
Q

What are 2 classifications for organisms based on carbon source

A

autotrophs

heterotrophs

97
Q

Describe autotrophs

A

use carbon dioxide

lithotrophs

98
Q

Describe heterotrophs

A

use organic carbon

organotrophs

Microbiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions