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Microbiology > Microbial Control > Flashcards

Microbial Control Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are 2 factors that influence the level of cleanliness

A

1) How the item is used

2) Resistance of pathogens to antimicrobial treatment

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2
Q

Sepsis

A

Microbial contamination

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3
Q

Asepsis

A

the absence of significant contaimination

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4
Q

Sterilization

A

removing all microbial life

ex. heating / high pressure

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5
Q

Commercial Sterilization

A

killing c.botulinum endospores

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6
Q

Disinfectant

A

removing pathogens not 100% sterilization

ex. vinegar

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7
Q

Antisepsis

A

removing pathogens from living tissue

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8
Q

Degerming

A

removing microbes from a limited area

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9
Q

Sanitiazation

A

lowering microbial counts on inanimate item

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10
Q

Biocide/ germicide

A

kills microbes

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11
Q

Bacteriostasis

A

inhibiting/ not killing microbes

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12
Q

Bacteriolytic

A

killing microbes

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13
Q

What are 3 methods of controlling microbial growth

A

heat
filtration
radiation

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14
Q

What is 1 chemical method of controlling microbial growth

A

chemical disinfectants

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15
Q

What is one chemotherapeutic method used to control microbial growth

A

antimicrobial drugs

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16
Q

How do the different methods control growth

A

1) altering the membrane permeability
2) by damaging cellular proteins
3) by damaging nucleic acid ( DNA + RNA)

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17
Q

What are 4 factors that influences effectiveness of treatment dependant on

A

1) time of exposure
2) number of microbes
3) susceptibility to antimicrobial agents
4) environment ( organic matter,temp, biofilms)

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18
Q

Thermal death point

A

lowest temp at which all cells in a culture are killed in 10 min

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19
Q

Thermal death time

A

time during which all cells in a culture are killed

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20
Q

Decimal reduction time

A

minutes to kill 90% of a population at a given temperature

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21
Q

Define dry heat sterilization

A

kills by oxidation

ex. flaming, incineration, hot air sterilization ( 170 for 2 hrs)

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22
Q

Define moist heat sterilization (2)

A

boiling

free-flowing steam ( ex. autoclave)

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23
Q

Autoclave

A

steam under pressure
121 c at 15 psi for 15 min
kills all organisms + endospores

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24
Q

Define pasterization

A

reduces spoliage organisms and pathogens

classic pasterurization of milk: 63c for 30 minutes

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25
Q

Define high temp short time pasterization

A

72 for 15 sec

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26
Q

Define ultra high temp pasterurization

A

140 for 4 sec

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27
Q

Define filtration and the two types of filters

A

used for heat sensitive materials

1) high efficiency particulate air filters: remove microbes > 0.3um
2) membrane filters: remove microbes > 0.22 um

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28
Q

Define ionizing radiation

A

xrays, gamma rays, high energy electron beams

damages DNA lethal mutations

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29
Q

Define non-ionizing radiation

A

use 4 disinfection
uv light
damage DNA thymine dimers
vaccine, water, pharmceutimals

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30
Q

Describe low temp as a 3 method of microbial control

A

refrigeration
deep-freezing
lyophilization ( freeze drying)

31
Q

Describe high pressure as a method of microbial control ( what does it do to carbohydrate)

A

carbohydrate protein: change structure

endospores resistanct

32
Q

Describe desiccation

A

aka drying

dehydration

33
Q

Describe osmotic pressure as a method of microbial growth

A

high salt, high sugar
hypertonic
cause plasmlysis

34
Q

What can chemical agents be

A

disinfectants or antiseptics pr both

35
Q

What are 4 principles of effective disinfection

A

1) concentration of disinfectant
2) organic matter
3) pH ( of medium)
4) time

36
Q

Describe phenols ( 3) and what they do

A

phenol ( carbolic acid)
phenolics ( lysol)
bisphenols ( triclosan)
penolics: inert surfaces, instruments, skin/mucus membrane
bisphenols: disinfectant hand soaps and skin lotions

37
Q

Describe chlorhexidine

A

disinfectant and antiseptic

38
Q

Describe halogens ( 2) and what there used for

A

Iodine: skin disinfectant and wound treatment
chlorine: disinfectant of drinking water, swimming pools,disinfection of household utensils and glassware

39
Q

Describe alcohol

A

ethanol and isopropanol: disinfection of thermometers and other small instruments, degerming of skin before an injection
-denatures proteins, disrupts cell membrane by affecting lipids

40
Q

Describe heavy metals like silver,mercury, and copper

A

silver sulfadiazine cream for burns

zinc chloride for mouthwash

41
Q

Describe soaps and detergents

A

microbes washed off

42
Q

Describe quaternary ammonium compounds

A

Quats
Cepacol
-disinfection for skin, instruments,utensils, rubber goods
-strong against gram + fungicidal, virieidel
quat don’t kill endospores

43
Q

Describe Aldehydes

A 
inactive proteins
formaldehyde ( formalin) : used for preserving organs + tissues
- methylated enzymes and nucleic acid
-toxic and carcinogenic
Glutaraldehyde ( Cidex): disinfection of medical equipment 
- more effective then formaldehyde
- bacterialcidal
-endospores killed
44
Q

Describe peroxygens (3)

A

hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, benzoyl peroxide
produce free radicals in cells
disinfectants and antiseptics

45
Q

What are 3 chemical in food preservatives

A

1) sulfur dixoide : prevent wine spoilage
2) organic acids like sorbic acid and benzoic acid ( inhibit metabolism)
3) nitrates and nitrites prevent endospore germination

46
Q

Define chemotherpy

A

use of chemicals to treat a disease

47
Q

What are the 2 types of chemotherapy

A

1) syntheic drug

2) antibiotics

48
Q

Define synthetic drug

A

chemotherapeutic agents prepared in the lab

49
Q

Define antibiotics

A

substance produced by microbes that act against other microbes

50
Q

Define antimicrobial drugs

A

synthetic substances that interfere with the growth of microbes

51
Q

Define selective toxicity

A

kills pathogens w/o damaging the host

52
Q

Where do we get cephalosporins

A

fungus cephalosporium

53
Q

Where do we get neomycin, streptomycin, gentamicin, erythromicin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol

A

streptomyces ( filamentous bacteria found in soil)

54
Q

Synthetic Antimicrobes Drug: Sulfa Drug

A

1) inhibits growth of bacteria ( sulfanilamide is the simplest)
2) interferes with folic acid synthese

55
Q

Synthetic Antimicrobes Drug: Isoniazid

A

1) effective only against mycobacteria

2) interferes with synthesis of mycolic acid

56
Q

Synthetic Antimicrobes Drug: Nucleic Acid Base Drug

A

1) block nucleic acid synthesis ( fluorouracil, bromouracil)

2) treatment of fungal and viral infections

57
Q

Synthetic Antimicrobes Drug: Quinolones

A

Interferes with DNA gyrase ( plays a role in DNA replication)
ciprofloxacin

58
Q

Describe narrow spectrum of microbial activity

A 
drugs that affect a narrow range of microbial types 
penicillin G
effect gram (+) positive,very few gram ( -)
59
Q

Describe broad spectrum of microbial activity

A

affect a broad range of gram (+) or gram ( -) bacteria

60
Q

Describe superinfection

A

pathogen resistant to antibiotics proliferate

ex. candidiasis

61
Q

What are the 1 actions of antimicrobial drugs: cell wall

A

inhibition of cell wall synthesis
ex. penicillins,cephalosporins,bacitracin,
vancomycin

62
Q

What is action of antimicrobial drugs: proteins

4 DRUGS EXAMPLES

A

inhibition of protein synthesis
chloramphenicol
erythromycin, tetracyclines, streptomycin

63
Q

What is action of antimicrobial drugs: nucleic acid

A

inhibition of nucleic acid replication and transcription

quinolones, rifampin

64
Q

What is an action of antimicrobial drugs: plasma membrane

A

injury to plasma membrane

polymyxin B

65
Q

What is an action of antimicrobial drugs: metabolites

A

inhibition of synthesis of essential metabolites

sulfanilamide,trimethoprim

66
Q

How does streptomycin inhibit protein synthesis

A

change shape of 30s portion, causing code of mRNA to be read incorrectly

67
Q

How does chloramphenicol inhibit protein synthesis

A

binds to 50s portion and inhibits formation of peptide bonds

68
Q

How does tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis

A

interferes with attachment of tRNA and mRNA ribosome complex

69
Q

Where are resistance genes usually on for antibiotic resistance

A

often on plasmids or transposons that can be transferred between bacteria

70
Q

What are 4 ways that bacteria become antibiotic resistance

A

1) destroying or inactivating the drug with the use of enzymes
2) preventing the entry of the drugs into the cell
3) making slight alternation in the proteins or enzymes on which drugs act
4) rapid rejection

71
Q

What are 2 ways drug resistance can be prevented

A

1) Avoiding indiscriminate use of antibiotics

2) completing the dosage regimen

72
Q

Define synergism

A

the effect of 2 drugs together is greater than the effect of either alone

73
Q

Define antagonism

A

the effect of 2 drugs together is less than the effect of either alone

Microbiology (16 decks)

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