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Microbiology > Microbial Control > Flashcards

Microbial Control Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 factors that influence the level of cleanliness

A

1) How the item is used

2) Resistance of pathogens to antimicrobial treatment

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2
Q

Sepsis

A

Microbial contamination

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3
Q

Asepsis

A

the absence of significant contaimination

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4
Q

Sterilization

A

removing all microbial life

ex. heating / high pressure

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5
Q

Commercial Sterilization

A

killing c.botulinum endospores

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6
Q

Disinfectant

A

removing pathogens not 100% sterilization

ex. vinegar

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7
Q

Antisepsis

A

removing pathogens from living tissue

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8
Q

Degerming

A

removing microbes from a limited area

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9
Q

Sanitiazation

A

lowering microbial counts on inanimate item

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10
Q

Biocide/ germicide

A

kills microbes

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11
Q

Bacteriostasis

A

inhibiting/ not killing microbes

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12
Q

Bacteriolytic

A

killing microbes

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13
Q

What are 3 methods of controlling microbial growth

A

heat
filtration
radiation

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14
Q

What is 1 chemical method of controlling microbial growth

A

chemical disinfectants

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15
Q

What is one chemotherapeutic method used to control microbial growth

A

antimicrobial drugs

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16
Q

How do the different methods control growth

A

1) altering the membrane permeability
2) by damaging cellular proteins
3) by damaging nucleic acid ( DNA + RNA)

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17
Q

What are 4 factors that influences effectiveness of treatment dependant on

A

1) time of exposure
2) number of microbes
3) susceptibility to antimicrobial agents
4) environment ( organic matter,temp, biofilms)

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18
Q

Thermal death point

A

lowest temp at which all cells in a culture are killed in 10 min

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19
Q

Thermal death time

A

time during which all cells in a culture are killed

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20
Q

Decimal reduction time

A

minutes to kill 90% of a population at a given temperature

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21
Q

Define dry heat sterilization

A

kills by oxidation

ex. flaming, incineration, hot air sterilization ( 170 for 2 hrs)

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22
Q

Define moist heat sterilization (2)

A

boiling

free-flowing steam ( ex. autoclave)

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23
Q

Autoclave

A

steam under pressure
121 c at 15 psi for 15 min
kills all organisms + endospores

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24
Q

Define pasterization

A

reduces spoliage organisms and pathogens

classic pasterurization of milk: 63c for 30 minutes

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25
Define high temp short time pasterization
72 for 15 sec
26
Define ultra high temp pasterurization
140 for 4 sec
27
Define filtration and the two types of filters
used for heat sensitive materials 1) high efficiency particulate air filters: remove microbes > 0.3um 2) membrane filters: remove microbes > 0.22 um
28
Define ionizing radiation
xrays, gamma rays, high energy electron beams | damages DNA lethal mutations
29
Define non-ionizing radiation
use 4 disinfection uv light damage DNA thymine dimers vaccine, water, pharmceutimals
30
Describe low temp as a 3 method of microbial control
refrigeration deep-freezing lyophilization ( freeze drying)
31
Describe high pressure as a method of microbial control ( what does it do to carbohydrate)
carbohydrate protein: change structure | endospores resistanct
32
Describe desiccation
aka drying | dehydration
33
Describe osmotic pressure as a method of microbial growth
high salt, high sugar hypertonic cause plasmlysis
34
What can chemical agents be
disinfectants or antiseptics pr both
35
What are 4 principles of effective disinfection
1) concentration of disinfectant 2) organic matter 3) pH ( of medium) 4) time
36
Describe phenols ( 3) and what they do
phenol ( carbolic acid) phenolics ( lysol) bisphenols ( triclosan) penolics: inert surfaces, instruments, skin/mucus membrane bisphenols: disinfectant hand soaps and skin lotions
37
Describe chlorhexidine
disinfectant and antiseptic
38
Describe halogens ( 2) and what there used for
Iodine: skin disinfectant and wound treatment chlorine: disinfectant of drinking water, swimming pools,disinfection of household utensils and glassware
39
Describe alcohol
ethanol and isopropanol: disinfection of thermometers and other small instruments, degerming of skin before an injection -denatures proteins, disrupts cell membrane by affecting lipids
40
Describe heavy metals like silver,mercury, and copper
silver sulfadiazine cream for burns | zinc chloride for mouthwash
41
Describe soaps and detergents
microbes washed off
42
Describe quaternary ammonium compounds
Quats Cepacol -disinfection for skin, instruments,utensils, rubber goods -strong against gram + fungicidal, virieidel quat don't kill endospores
43
Describe Aldehydes
``` inactive proteins formaldehyde ( formalin) : used for preserving organs + tissues - methylated enzymes and nucleic acid -toxic and carcinogenic Glutaraldehyde ( Cidex): disinfection of medical equipment - more effective then formaldehyde - bacterialcidal -endospores killed ```
44
Describe peroxygens (3)
hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, benzoyl peroxide produce free radicals in cells disinfectants and antiseptics
45
What are 3 chemical in food preservatives
1) sulfur dixoide : prevent wine spoilage 2) organic acids like sorbic acid and benzoic acid ( inhibit metabolism) 3) nitrates and nitrites prevent endospore germination
46
Define chemotherpy
use of chemicals to treat a disease
47
What are the 2 types of chemotherapy
1) syntheic drug | 2) antibiotics
48
Define synthetic drug
chemotherapeutic agents prepared in the lab
49
Define antibiotics
substance produced by microbes that act against other microbes
50
Define antimicrobial drugs
synthetic substances that interfere with the growth of microbes
51
Define selective toxicity
kills pathogens w/o damaging the host
52
Where do we get cephalosporins
fungus cephalosporium
53
Where do we get neomycin, streptomycin, gentamicin, erythromicin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol
streptomyces ( filamentous bacteria found in soil)
54
Synthetic Antimicrobes Drug: Sulfa Drug
1) inhibits growth of bacteria ( sulfanilamide is the simplest) 2) interferes with folic acid synthese
55
Synthetic Antimicrobes Drug: Isoniazid
1) effective only against mycobacteria | 2) interferes with synthesis of mycolic acid
56
Synthetic Antimicrobes Drug: Nucleic Acid Base Drug
1) block nucleic acid synthesis ( fluorouracil, bromouracil) | 2) treatment of fungal and viral infections
57
Synthetic Antimicrobes Drug: Quinolones
Interferes with DNA gyrase ( plays a role in DNA replication) ciprofloxacin
58
Describe narrow spectrum of microbial activity
``` drugs that affect a narrow range of microbial types penicillin G effect gram (+) positive,very few gram ( -) ```
59
Describe broad spectrum of microbial activity
affect a broad range of gram (+) or gram ( -) bacteria
60
Describe superinfection
pathogen resistant to antibiotics proliferate | ex. candidiasis
61
What are the 1 actions of antimicrobial drugs: cell wall
inhibition of cell wall synthesis ex. penicillins,cephalosporins,bacitracin, vancomycin
62
What is action of antimicrobial drugs: proteins | 4 DRUGS EXAMPLES
inhibition of protein synthesis chloramphenicol erythromycin, tetracyclines, streptomycin
63
What is action of antimicrobial drugs: nucleic acid
inhibition of nucleic acid replication and transcription | quinolones, rifampin
64
What is an action of antimicrobial drugs: plasma membrane
injury to plasma membrane | polymyxin B
65
What is an action of antimicrobial drugs: metabolites
inhibition of synthesis of essential metabolites | sulfanilamide,trimethoprim
66
How does streptomycin inhibit protein synthesis
change shape of 30s portion, causing code of mRNA to be read incorrectly
67
How does chloramphenicol inhibit protein synthesis
binds to 50s portion and inhibits formation of peptide bonds
68
How does tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis
interferes with attachment of tRNA and mRNA ribosome complex
69
Where are resistance genes usually on for antibiotic resistance
often on plasmids or transposons that can be transferred between bacteria
70
What are 4 ways that bacteria become antibiotic resistance
1) destroying or inactivating the drug with the use of enzymes 2) preventing the entry of the drugs into the cell 3) making slight alternation in the proteins or enzymes on which drugs act 4) rapid rejection
71
What are 2 ways drug resistance can be prevented
1) Avoiding indiscriminate use of antibiotics | 2) completing the dosage regimen
72
Define synergism
the effect of 2 drugs together is greater than the effect of either alone
73
Define antagonism
the effect of 2 drugs together is less than the effect of either alone

Microbiology (16 decks)

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