DAY2 CHP 2 Flashcards
Define macronutrients
H, C,O,N,P,S
most abundant
Define macromolecules
carbohydates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid
Define micronutirents
sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc
trace minerals
What are organic molecules
carbon containing compounds
covalently bonded to hydrogen, oxygen, and other elements
Define isomers
same atomic makeup but different structural arrangements of atoms
What are the 6 functional groups
Hydroxyl group ( -OH) Carbonyl group ( C=O) Carboxyl group (COOH) Amino group ( NH2) Phosphate group ( OPO3) Methyl group ( CH3)
What macromolecules are monomers and polymers
cars,protiens,nucleic acid
What macromolecules are not monomer and polymers
lipids
What is the formula for carbohydrates
(CH2O) n
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates
monosaccharide, polysaccharides, disacchariedes
Define monosaccharides
monomers
ex. glucose,fructose,galactose,ribose,deoxyribose
Define disaccharies
created via dehydration synthesis
has glycosidic bonds (-O-)
ex: sucrose,lactose
Examples of polysaccharides
ex. starch, glycogen, cellulose
Define starch
plant based foods
define glycogen
tissues of animals and bacteria
define cellulose
component of cell wall
What are the name of the 2 polysaccharides that are bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan
N-acetyl glucosamine ( NAG)
N-acetyl muramic acid ( NAM)
What is the name of the polysaccharides in fungal cell wall
Polymers of NAG-chitin
Define lipids
composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen
hydrophobic molecules
ex. fat,steroids,phospholipids
What are the components of triglycerides
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Define saturated fatty acids
all carbon has hydrogen attached
ex. butter
Define unsaturated fatty acids
double bond carbon so not all carbon is saturated with hydrogen
ex. oil
Define phosopholipids
phosphate group and 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol
major component of cell membrane
amphipathic
Define amphipathic
head: hydrophilic
tail: hydrophobic
Which bacteria has cholesterol / is important
mycoplasma
Define hopene
used instead of cholesterol
Define proteins
amino acids- monomers
peptide bonds
What are the 4 components of amino acid
carbon at the center
- an amino group
- a carboxyl group
- a hydrogen atom
- a r group or variable group
How are protein polymers made
dehydration synthesis ( water is the byproduct)
Define dipeptides
an organic compound derived from 2 amino acids
Oligopeptides
an organic compound consisting of 2-20 amino acids
Polypeptides
more then 20 amino acids
What determine the shape of proteins
determined by the sequence and length of amino acids
What are primary structures of proteins
chain
What are secondary structure of proteins
pleated sheet
hydrogen bond ( b/t amino group and hydroxyl, carboxyl)
has a alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
What is tertiary structure of proteins
disulfide bridges
ionic bonds
hydrogen bond
hydrophobic interaction
What are quaternary structure of proteins
globular
4 subunites
What are conjugated proteins
proteins that function in interaction with other ( nonpolypetide) chemical groups
ex. glycoprotein
Define nucleic acids
nucleotides
polynucleotides
base sequence
2 types : DNA and rna
What are the 3 components of Deoxyribonucleic acid
nitrogenous base ( Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine)
sugar - deoxyribose
phosphate group
What are the purines
adenine and guanine
2 carbond ring
What are the pyrimidines
thymine
cytosine
uracil
1 carbon ring
Define nucleoside
sugar and a nitrogenous base
no phosphate group
Define phosphodiester bond
sugar-phosphate backbone
5 prime of one sugar and 3 prime of another sugar of nucleic acid strand
Are dna strands parallel or antiparallel
antiparallel
What are the nitrogen bases of rna and what is the sugar
adenine, guanine,uracil,cytosine
sugar:ribose
What are the 3 types of RNA
messenger RNA
rinosomal rna
transfer rna
How does RNA serve as hereditary information
in viruses ( only when no DNA present) ex. rhinovirus, influenza virus,ebola virus ( single stranded) rotavirus ( double stranded)
