Day 3 prokaryotic cell structure and function Flashcards
1
Q
How do bacteria and archaea differ( 5 ways)
A
in structure chemical composition nutritional requirements biochemical activities source of energy
2
Q
What is the size of bacteria
A
range from 0.2 to 2.9 um in diameter
3
Q
Bacteria shape: Coccus
A
Round
4
Q
Bacteria shape: bacillus
A
rod
5
Q
bacterial shape:Vibrio
A
curved rod
6
Q
bacterial shape: coccobacillus
A
short rod
7
Q
bacterial shape: spirillum
A
spiral
8
Q
Bacteria shape: spirochete
A
long loose helical spiral
9
Q
What are the 2 usual shape of bacteria
A
stella ( star shaped)
haloguadratum ( rectangular)
10
Q
Cell Arrangement: coccus
A
single coccus
11
Q
Cell arrangement: diplococcus
A
pair of cocci
12
Q
Cell arrangement: tetrad
A
group of 4 cell arranged in a square
13
Q
Cell arrangement: streptococcus
A
chain of cocci
14
Q
Cell arrangement: staphylococcus
A
cluster of cocci
15
Q
cell arrangement: bacillus
A
single rod
16
Q
cell arrangement: streptobacillus
A
chain of rods
17
Q
define monomorphic
A
having a single form, structural pattern, or genotype
18
Q
define pleomorphic
A
occurring in various distinct forms
19
Q
Describe the outermost structure Glycocalyx and the 2 forms in exists in and its importance
A
- viscous and gelatinous( made of polysaccharide and/or polypeptides
- two types: capsule ( firmly attached) or slime layer ( loose)
- strengthens the cell surface, helps attach cells together, and contribute to cell-cell recognition
- can contribute to virulence, protects against phaocytosis, and attachment
20
Q
Describe the outermost structure flagella is
A
filamentous structure
propel bacteria
made of protein flagellin
21
Q
What are the 3 parts of the flagella
A
filament
hook
basal body to anchor
22
Q
Define atrichous
A
bacteria that lack flagella
23
Q
Define monotrichous and polar
A
having a single flagellum
24
Q
define lophotrichous and polar
A
having 2 or more flagella at 1 end of a cell
25
define amphitrichous and polar
having flagella at both ends of a cell
26
Define peritrichous
having flagella uniformly distributed over the body
27
if the flagella roates clockwise its called
run
28
if the flagella roates anti-clockwise
tumbles
29
Define taxis
movement towards or away from a stimulus
30
Define phototaxis
movement in response to the presense of light
31
Define chemotaxis
movement in response to the presence of a chemical
32
Define attractant
movement toward a higher concentration of a stimulating substance
33
Define repellent
movement away
34
Define H antigen
identifying variations
| ex/ e.coli 0157:h7
35
Define axial filaments ( endoflagella)
found in spirochetes
spiral around the cell
move like a corkscrew
36
Define fimbriae
fimbria allow for attachment/ bind to specific receptor structure
long filamentous polymeric protein structures located at the surface
37
Define pilus ( pl. pili)
hair like appendage found on the surface of many bacteria and archaea
- motility
- can be used for conjugation
38
Describe the cell wall
complex, semi-rigid structure
protects cell membrane
prevents osmotic lysis
39
What is the composition of the cell wall
made of peptidoglycan ( only in bacteria) that contributes to pathogenicity
40
What are the 2 peptidoglycan and what is the link
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM)
BETA 1,4 LINK
linked by polypeptides
41
Describe gram-positive cell wall
think peptidoglycan
| teicholic acids
42
describe gram negative cell wall
thin peptidoglycan
outer membrane
lipopolysaccharide
43
Describe the outer membrane of gram negative
made of lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids
| periplasm present b/t the cell membrane and the peptidoglycan
44
Describe lipopolysaccharides
in gram negative bacteria
| major component of the outer membrane
45
What are the 3 parts of the lipopolysaccharide
Lipid A: endotoxin
Core polysaccharide: provide support
O polysaccharide: function as antigen
46
What are porins in gram-negative cell walls
act like pores
| permit the passage of molecules such as nucleotides,disaccharides, peptides,amino acids,vitmain B12,and iron
47
hat color does gram positive bacteria appear
purple or blue
48
What color do gram-negative bacteria appear
pink
49
What is the gram stain procedure
1) application of crystal violet ( purple dye)
2) application of iodine ( mordant)
3) alcohol wash ( decolorization)
4) application of safranin ( counterstain)
50
How are gram positive stained purple
crystal violet iodine crystal form in cell
alcohol dehydrates the peptidoglycan
CV-I crystals do not leave
51
How are gram-negative stain pink
alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan
cv-i washes out
safranin adds to stain cells
52
What is a atypical cell wall and how are they stained
acid fast cell walls
has waxy lipid ( mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan
ex. mycobacterium and nocardia
stained with carbolfuchsin
53
What are 2 ways damage can be done to the cell wall
1) lysozyme hydrolyzes bonds in peptidoglycan
| 2) penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan
54
What is the plasma ( cytoplasmic) membrane made of?
composed og phospgolipids ( bilayer) and proteins
contain glycoproteins and glycolipids
selective permeability
55
What is the fluid mosiac model
mosaic of components including a phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates that give the membrane a fluid character
56
What is sterol
membrane strengthening agent
eukaryotic membrane
prevents movement of phosolipids
57
What are hopanoids
membrane strengthing agents
many bacteria has it
similar to steriods
58
Describe the phospholipids of bacteria and eukaryotes
ester linkages and strain chained
59
Describe the phospholipids in archaea
ether linkages
| branched chained
60
What type of plasma membrane do archaels have
lipid monolayers
61
What are the 2 pigments of photosynthetic pigments
chromatophores or thylakoids
62
What are the 3 principles of osmosis
isotonic
hypotonic: water moves into cell and gets bigger
hypertonic: water moves out of cell
63
What is required in active transport
transporter protein and ATP
64
What is group translocation
in prokaryotes
| require a transporter protein and PEP( phosphoenol pyruvic acid)
65
Define cytoplasm
80% water,proteins,carbohydrates,lipids,ions
| structures in the cytoplasm are nucleoid,ribosomes,inclusions
66
define the nucleoid
bacterial chromosome
circular double stranded haploid
plasmids-extrachromosomal DNA
67
DEFINE RIBOSOMES
sites of protein synthesis
| protein and rRNA
68
What is the ribosome of prokaryotic cells
70s
69
What is the ribosome of eukaryotic cells
80s
70
What are all the different types of inclusions
metachromatic granules ( inorganic phosphate)
polysaccgarides granules ( glycogen or starch)
lipid inclusions ( polyhydroxybutyrate-PHB)
magnetosomes ( iron oxides)
sulfur granules
carboxysomes( carboxylase enzymes)
gas vacuoles
71
When are endospores produced
1) essential nutrients are depleted
2) large amount of waste is collected
usually in gram positive bacteria
72
What are endospores
highly durable,dehydrated cells with thick walls
| survive extreme environmental conditions
73
What are 2 examples of bacteria that create endospores
bacillus anthracis
| clostridium tetani
74
Define sporulation or sporogenesis
endospore formation
75
Define germination
return to vegetative state
76
What are characteristics of vegatative cells
1) sensitive to extreme temperatures and radiation
2) gram positive
3) normal water content and enzymatic activity
4) capable of active growth and metabolism
77
What are characteristics of endospores
1) resistant to extreme tempertures and radiation
2) do not absorb gram stain, only special endospores stain
3) dehydrated; no metabolic activity
4) dormant; no growth or metabolic activity
78
What are the 3 forms of bacterial endospores
terminal spores
subterminal spores
central spores
