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Microbiology > Day 3 prokaryotic cell structure and function > Flashcards

Day 3 prokaryotic cell structure and function Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do bacteria and archaea differ( 5 ways)

A 
in structure
chemical composition 
nutritional requirements
biochemical activities
source of energy
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2
Q

What is the size of bacteria

A

range from 0.2 to 2.9 um in diameter

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3
Q

Bacteria shape: Coccus

A

Round

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4
Q

Bacteria shape: bacillus

A

rod

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5
Q

bacterial shape:Vibrio

A

curved rod

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6
Q

bacterial shape: coccobacillus

A

short rod

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7
Q

bacterial shape: spirillum

A

spiral

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8
Q

Bacteria shape: spirochete

A

long loose helical spiral

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9
Q

What are the 2 usual shape of bacteria

A

stella ( star shaped)

haloguadratum ( rectangular)

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10
Q

Cell Arrangement: coccus

A

single coccus

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11
Q

Cell arrangement: diplococcus

A

pair of cocci

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12
Q

Cell arrangement: tetrad

A

group of 4 cell arranged in a square

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13
Q

Cell arrangement: streptococcus

A

chain of cocci

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14
Q

Cell arrangement: staphylococcus

A

cluster of cocci

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15
Q

cell arrangement: bacillus

A

single rod

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16
Q

cell arrangement: streptobacillus

A

chain of rods

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17
Q

define monomorphic

A

having a single form, structural pattern, or genotype

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18
Q

define pleomorphic

A

occurring in various distinct forms

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19
Q

Describe the outermost structure Glycocalyx and the 2 forms in exists in and its importance

A
  • viscous and gelatinous( made of polysaccharide and/or polypeptides
  • two types: capsule ( firmly attached) or slime layer ( loose)
  • strengthens the cell surface, helps attach cells together, and contribute to cell-cell recognition
  • can contribute to virulence, protects against phaocytosis, and attachment
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20
Q

Describe the outermost structure flagella is

A

filamentous structure
propel bacteria
made of protein flagellin

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21
Q

What are the 3 parts of the flagella

A

filament
hook
basal body to anchor

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22
Q

Define atrichous

A

bacteria that lack flagella

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23
Q

Define monotrichous and polar

A

having a single flagellum

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24
Q

define lophotrichous and polar

A

having 2 or more flagella at 1 end of a cell

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25
Q

define amphitrichous and polar

A

having flagella at both ends of a cell

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26
Q

Define peritrichous

A

having flagella uniformly distributed over the body

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27
Q

if the flagella roates clockwise its called

A

run

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28
Q

if the flagella roates anti-clockwise

A

tumbles

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29
Q

Define taxis

A

movement towards or away from a stimulus

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30
Q

Define phototaxis

A

movement in response to the presense of light

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31
Q

Define chemotaxis

A

movement in response to the presence of a chemical

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32
Q

Define attractant

A

movement toward a higher concentration of a stimulating substance

33
Q

Define repellent

A

movement away

34
Q

Define H antigen

A

identifying variations

ex/ e.coli 0157:h7

35
Q

Define axial filaments ( endoflagella)

A

found in spirochetes
spiral around the cell
move like a corkscrew

36
Q

Define fimbriae

A

fimbria allow for attachment/ bind to specific receptor structure
long filamentous polymeric protein structures located at the surface

37
Q

Define pilus ( pl. pili)

A

hair like appendage found on the surface of many bacteria and archaea

  • motility
  • can be used for conjugation
38
Q

Describe the cell wall

A

complex, semi-rigid structure
protects cell membrane
prevents osmotic lysis

39
Q

What is the composition of the cell wall

A

made of peptidoglycan ( only in bacteria) that contributes to pathogenicity

40
Q

What are the 2 peptidoglycan and what is the link

A

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM)
BETA 1,4 LINK
linked by polypeptides

41
Q

Describe gram-positive cell wall

A

think peptidoglycan

teicholic acids

42
Q

describe gram negative cell wall

A

thin peptidoglycan
outer membrane
lipopolysaccharide

43
Q

Describe the outer membrane of gram negative

A

made of lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids

periplasm present b/t the cell membrane and the peptidoglycan

44
Q

Describe lipopolysaccharides

A

in gram negative bacteria

major component of the outer membrane

45
Q

What are the 3 parts of the lipopolysaccharide

A

Lipid A: endotoxin
Core polysaccharide: provide support
O polysaccharide: function as antigen

46
Q

What are porins in gram-negative cell walls

A

act like pores

permit the passage of molecules such as nucleotides,disaccharides, peptides,amino acids,vitmain B12,and iron

47
Q

hat color does gram positive bacteria appear

A

purple or blue

48
Q

What color do gram-negative bacteria appear

A

pink

49
Q

What is the gram stain procedure

A

1) application of crystal violet ( purple dye)
2) application of iodine ( mordant)
3) alcohol wash ( decolorization)
4) application of safranin ( counterstain)

50
Q

How are gram positive stained purple

A

crystal violet iodine crystal form in cell
alcohol dehydrates the peptidoglycan
CV-I crystals do not leave

51
Q

How are gram-negative stain pink

A

alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan
cv-i washes out
safranin adds to stain cells

52
Q

What is a atypical cell wall and how are they stained

A

acid fast cell walls
has waxy lipid ( mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan
ex. mycobacterium and nocardia
stained with carbolfuchsin

53
Q

What are 2 ways damage can be done to the cell wall

A

1) lysozyme hydrolyzes bonds in peptidoglycan

2) penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan

54
Q

What is the plasma ( cytoplasmic) membrane made of?

A

composed og phospgolipids ( bilayer) and proteins
contain glycoproteins and glycolipids
selective permeability

55
Q

What is the fluid mosiac model

A

mosaic of components including a phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates that give the membrane a fluid character

56
Q

What is sterol

A

membrane strengthening agent
eukaryotic membrane
prevents movement of phosolipids

57
Q

What are hopanoids

A

membrane strengthing agents
many bacteria has it
similar to steriods

58
Q

Describe the phospholipids of bacteria and eukaryotes

A

ester linkages and strain chained

59
Q

Describe the phospholipids in archaea

A

ether linkages

branched chained

60
Q

What type of plasma membrane do archaels have

A

lipid monolayers

61
Q

What are the 2 pigments of photosynthetic pigments

A

chromatophores or thylakoids

62
Q

What are the 3 principles of osmosis

A

isotonic

hypotonic: water moves into cell and gets bigger
hypertonic: water moves out of cell

63
Q

What is required in active transport

A

transporter protein and ATP

64
Q

What is group translocation

A

in prokaryotes

require a transporter protein and PEP( phosphoenol pyruvic acid)

65
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

80% water,proteins,carbohydrates,lipids,ions

structures in the cytoplasm are nucleoid,ribosomes,inclusions

66
Q

define the nucleoid

A

bacterial chromosome
circular double stranded haploid
plasmids-extrachromosomal DNA

67
Q

DEFINE RIBOSOMES

A

sites of protein synthesis

protein and rRNA

68
Q

What is the ribosome of prokaryotic cells

A

70s

69
Q

What is the ribosome of eukaryotic cells

A

80s

70
Q

What are all the different types of inclusions

A

metachromatic granules ( inorganic phosphate)
polysaccgarides granules ( glycogen or starch)
lipid inclusions ( polyhydroxybutyrate-PHB)
magnetosomes ( iron oxides)
sulfur granules
carboxysomes( carboxylase enzymes)
gas vacuoles

71
Q

When are endospores produced

A

1) essential nutrients are depleted
2) large amount of waste is collected
usually in gram positive bacteria

72
Q

What are endospores

A

highly durable,dehydrated cells with thick walls

survive extreme environmental conditions

73
Q

What are 2 examples of bacteria that create endospores

A

bacillus anthracis

clostridium tetani

74
Q

Define sporulation or sporogenesis

A

endospore formation

75
Q

Define germination

A

return to vegetative state

76
Q

What are characteristics of vegatative cells

A

1) sensitive to extreme temperatures and radiation
2) gram positive
3) normal water content and enzymatic activity
4) capable of active growth and metabolism

77
Q

What are characteristics of endospores

A

1) resistant to extreme tempertures and radiation
2) do not absorb gram stain, only special endospores stain
3) dehydrated; no metabolic activity
4) dormant; no growth or metabolic activity

78
Q

What are the 3 forms of bacterial endospores

A

terminal spores
subterminal spores
central spores

Microbiology (16 decks)

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