Chapter 1 and 10 Flashcards by Karla Michelle Lizarraga

How does microbes aid in agriculture

1) N2 fixation
2) Nutrient Cycling
3) Animal Husbandry

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How does microbes aid in the food industry

1) food preservation
2) fermented food
3) food additives

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How does microbes aid in biotechnology

1) genetically modified organisms
2) production of pharmaceuticals
3) gene therapy for certain diseases

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How doe microbes affect environmental aspects

1) biofuels
2) bioremediation
3) microbial mining

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What are the 6 microbes and are they prokaryotes or eukaryotes

Bacteria: Prokaryotes
Archaea: Prokaryotes
Fungi: Eukaryotes
Protozoa: Eukaryotes
Algae: Eukaryotes
Virus: not alive

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Who established the nomenclature system

Carolus Linnaeus

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How are organisms named

2 names: Binomial nomenclature
Genus name: first; always capitalized
Species name: second; lowercase
either underlined or italicized

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Who developed classifying microorganism

Carl Woese

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What are the 3 domains based on ribosomal RNA

bacteria
archaea
eukarya

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Are archaea and bacteria closely related

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Describe bacteria

prokaryotes
single celled
peptidoglycan cell walls
divide via binary fission
derive nutrition from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis

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Describe archaea
what type of cell wall
where do they grow

prokaryotes
lack peptidoglycan cell walls
often live extreme environments
ex. extreme thermophiles,halophiles,methanogens

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Describe fungi

eukaryotes 
chitin cell walls
energy organic chemicals
yeast-unicellular 
molds and mushrooms-multicellular

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Define dimorphism

yeast and mold
at room temp grows as mold
at body temp grows as yeast

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Define protozoa

eukaryotes
absorb or ingest organic chemicals
may be motile via pseudopods,cilia, or flagella
free-living or parasitiv

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Define algae

photosynthetic eukaryotes
found in freshwater, saltwater, and soil
free living or symbiotic

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define viruses

acellular
dna or rna surrounded by a protein coat
obligate parasites
inert outside living hosts

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Define multicellular animal parasites

eukaryotes
not strictly microorganisms
parasitic flatwroms and roundworms

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What did Robert Hooke contribute

discovered cells

marked the beginning of the cell theory

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What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek contribute

observed live microorganisms using crude microscopes

animalcules

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Define the theory of spontaneous generation

living organisms arise from non living matter

believed until mid 1880

What did John Needham contribute

microorganisms found even in boiled and cooled nutrient broth

What did Francesco Redi contribute

microorganisms arise from contact with living organisms
experiments with flies and maggots
refuted the theroy of spontaneous genration

What did Lazzaro Spallanzani contribute

microorganisms from the air entered in boiled and cooled nutrient broth
shoed that it is not an inherent feature of matter and that it can be destroyed by an hr of boiling

Define the theroy of biogenesis

introduced by Rudolf Virchow Living celld can arise only from pre-existing living cells proved by Louis Pasteur

What did Louis Pasteur contribute

microorganism could be destroyed by heat devised methods to prevent contamination beef broth could be sterilized by boiling it in a swan neck flask

What discoveries were included in th egolden age of microbiology

relationship between microbes and disease immunity antimicrobial drugs

Define fermentation

microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absense of air

Define pasteurization

application of high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages

What vaccines did Louis Pasteur devoped

anthrax, fowl cholera and rabies

Who contributed to germ theory

Agostino Bassi and Louis Pasteur | showed a relationship b/t microorganisms and silkworm disease

What did Ignaz Semmelwels contribute

Advocated hand washing to prevent transmission germs

What did Joseph Lister contribute

introduced the use of disinfectant to clean surgical wounds

What did robert Koch contribute

1st to show that bacteria actually cause disease discovered the bacteria ( Bacillus anthracis) that causes anthrax in cattle Koch's postulates

What are the 4 steps of Koch's Postulates

1) Suspected pathogenic organisms should be present in all cases of the disease and absent from the healthy animal 2) The suspected organisms should be grown in pure culture 3) cells from a pure culture of the suspected organism should cause disease in a healthy animal 4) the organism should be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original

What did Ferdinard Cohn contribute

father of bacteriology heat resistant bacteria discovered bacteria that form endospores

What did Edward Jenner contribute to vaccinations

used live viral agents ( cowpox material) to provide immunity against smallpox

What did Pasteur contribute to vaccinations

discovered that microorganisms that have lost their virulence were able to induce immunity

Define chemotherapy

treatment of diseases using chemicalagents

What are the 2 types of chemotherapy

1) synthetic drugs: chemotherapeutic agents prepared in the lab 2) antibiotics: chemicals agents synthesized by bacteria and fungi that act against other microbes

What did Paul Erlich contribute

magic bullet | developed a synthetic arsenic drug,salvarsan, to treat syphilis

What did Alexander Fleming contribute

discovered the 1st antibiotic produced by Penicillium fungus active substance: Penicillian killed s. aureus

What did Julius Richard Petri contribute

Assistant to robert koch | invented petri dish

What did christian gram contribute

developed gram staining gram negative gram positive

Define myocology

study of fungi

Define parasitology

study of protozoa and parasitic worms

List some major sub-disciplines of microbiology

``` medical microbiology immunology agricultural microbiology industrial microbiology aquatic microbiology ```

Define normal microbiota or flora

harmless microorganism that are normally found on the skin or inside the body

Define resistance

ability of the body to ward off disease

Define infectious disease

diseases that results when a microorganism invades a susceptible host

Define emerging infectious disease

``` appearance of new infectious diseases reemergence of disease that were though to be decresing in incidence ex. AIDS AVIAN INFLENZA (H5N1) OR BIRD FLU SWINE INFLENZA (H1N1) SARS ```

What 3 ways do reemergence of disease occurs

1) development of new strains of microorganisms 2) spread of diseases to new areas/regions due to modern travel 3) human exposure to new and usual infectious agents