Chapter 1 and 10 Flashcards
How does microbes aid in agriculture
1) N2 fixation
2) Nutrient Cycling
3) Animal Husbandry
How does microbes aid in the food industry
1) food preservation
2) fermented food
3) food additives
How does microbes aid in biotechnology
1) genetically modified organisms
2) production of pharmaceuticals
3) gene therapy for certain diseases
How doe microbes affect environmental aspects
1) biofuels
2) bioremediation
3) microbial mining
What are the 6 microbes and are they prokaryotes or eukaryotes
Bacteria: Prokaryotes Archaea: Prokaryotes Fungi: Eukaryotes Protozoa: Eukaryotes Algae: Eukaryotes Virus: not alive
Who established the nomenclature system
Carolus Linnaeus
How are organisms named
2 names: Binomial nomenclature
Genus name: first; always capitalized
Species name: second; lowercase
either underlined or italicized
Who developed classifying microorganism
Carl Woese
What are the 3 domains based on ribosomal RNA
bacteria
archaea
eukarya
Are archaea and bacteria closely related
no
Describe bacteria
prokaryotes single celled peptidoglycan cell walls divide via binary fission derive nutrition from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis
Describe archaea
what type of cell wall
where do they grow
prokaryotes
lack peptidoglycan cell walls
often live extreme environments
ex. extreme thermophiles,halophiles,methanogens
Describe fungi
eukaryotes chitin cell walls energy organic chemicals yeast-unicellular molds and mushrooms-multicellular
Define dimorphism
yeast and mold
at room temp grows as mold
at body temp grows as yeast
Define protozoa
eukaryotes
absorb or ingest organic chemicals
may be motile via pseudopods,cilia, or flagella
free-living or parasitiv
Define algae
photosynthetic eukaryotes
found in freshwater, saltwater, and soil
free living or symbiotic
define viruses
acellular
dna or rna surrounded by a protein coat
obligate parasites
inert outside living hosts
Define multicellular animal parasites
eukaryotes
not strictly microorganisms
parasitic flatwroms and roundworms
What did Robert Hooke contribute
discovered cells
marked the beginning of the cell theory
What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek contribute
observed live microorganisms using crude microscopes
animalcules
Define the theory of spontaneous generation
living organisms arise from non living matter
believed until mid 1880
What did John Needham contribute
microorganisms found even in boiled and cooled nutrient broth
What did Francesco Redi contribute
microorganisms arise from contact with living organisms
experiments with flies and maggots
refuted the theroy of spontaneous genration
What did Lazzaro Spallanzani contribute
microorganisms from the air entered in boiled and cooled nutrient broth
shoed that it is not an inherent feature of matter and that it can be destroyed by an hr of boiling
Define the theroy of biogenesis
introduced by Rudolf Virchow
Living celld can arise only from pre-existing living cells
proved by Louis Pasteur
What did Louis Pasteur contribute
microorganism could be destroyed by heat
devised methods to prevent contamination
beef broth could be sterilized by boiling it in a swan neck flask
What discoveries were included in th egolden age of microbiology
relationship between microbes and disease
immunity
antimicrobial drugs
Define fermentation
microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absense of air
Define pasteurization
application of high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages
What vaccines did Louis Pasteur devoped
anthrax, fowl cholera and rabies
Who contributed to germ theory
Agostino Bassi and Louis Pasteur
showed a relationship b/t microorganisms and silkworm disease
What did Ignaz Semmelwels contribute
Advocated hand washing to prevent transmission germs
What did Joseph Lister contribute
introduced the use of disinfectant to clean surgical wounds
What did robert Koch contribute
1st to show that bacteria actually cause disease
discovered the bacteria ( Bacillus anthracis) that causes anthrax in cattle
Koch’s postulates
What are the 4 steps of Koch’s Postulates
1) Suspected pathogenic organisms should be present in all cases of the disease and absent from the healthy animal
2) The suspected organisms should be grown in pure culture
3) cells from a pure culture of the suspected organism should cause disease in a healthy animal
4) the organism should be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original
What did Ferdinard Cohn contribute
father of bacteriology
heat resistant bacteria
discovered bacteria that form endospores
What did Edward Jenner contribute to vaccinations
used live viral agents ( cowpox material) to provide immunity against smallpox
What did Pasteur contribute to vaccinations
discovered that microorganisms that have lost their virulence were able to induce immunity
Define chemotherapy
treatment of diseases using chemicalagents
What are the 2 types of chemotherapy
1) synthetic drugs: chemotherapeutic agents prepared in the lab
2) antibiotics: chemicals agents synthesized by bacteria and fungi that act against other microbes
What did Paul Erlich contribute
magic bullet
developed a synthetic arsenic drug,salvarsan, to treat syphilis
What did Alexander Fleming contribute
discovered the 1st antibiotic produced by Penicillium fungus
active substance: Penicillian
killed s. aureus
What did Julius Richard Petri contribute
Assistant to robert koch
invented petri dish
What did christian gram contribute
developed gram staining
gram negative
gram positive
Define myocology
study of fungi
Define parasitology
study of protozoa and parasitic worms
List some major sub-disciplines of microbiology
medical microbiology immunology agricultural microbiology industrial microbiology aquatic microbiology
Define normal microbiota or flora
harmless microorganism that are normally found on the skin or inside the body
Define resistance
ability of the body to ward off disease
Define infectious disease
diseases that results when a microorganism invades a susceptible host
Define emerging infectious disease
appearance of new infectious diseases reemergence of disease that were though to be decresing in incidence ex. AIDS AVIAN INFLENZA (H5N1) OR BIRD FLU SWINE INFLENZA (H1N1) SARS
What 3 ways do reemergence of disease occurs
1) development of new strains of microorganisms
2) spread of diseases to new areas/regions due to modern travel
3) human exposure to new and usual infectious agents
