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Immunology > Primers in Immunology: Major Concepts of Host Defense > Flashcards

Primers in Immunology: Major Concepts of Host Defense Flashcards

1
Q

Immune system appropriate response examples

A

Destruction of cancer cells

Destruction of infectious organisms

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2
Q

Immune system inappropriate response examples

A

Allergy and hypersensitivity
Transplant rejection
Immunodeficiency
Autoimmune

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3
Q

4 Pathogenic organisms

A

Virus
Bacterial
Protozoa
Worms

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4
Q

Fixed elements of immune system

A

Lymphoid organs

  • bone marrow (primary)
  • thymus (primary)
  • spleen and lymph nodes
  • mucosal immune tissue
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5
Q

Mobile elements of immune system

A

cells derived from the bone marrow

soluble (humoral) components

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6
Q

Innate (natural) responses

A

occur to the same extent every time infectious agent is encountered

  • rapid response - minutes to hours
  • relatively nonspecific - recognizes pathogens but doesn’t distinguish
  • no memory
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7
Q

Acquired (adaptive) responses

A

improve on repeated exposure to a given infection

  • slow response - days to weeks
  • specific - tailored for particular pathogen (Ag)
  • has memory - response is greater upon repeated exposure
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8
Q

Non-phagocytic cells

A

Only release inflammatory mediators

  • Basophils
  • mast cells
  • eosinophils
  • natural killer (NK) cells
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9
Q

Phagocytic cells

A 
Immune cells capable of phagocytosis
Also release inflammatory mediators
-neutrophils
-monocytes
-macrophages
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10
Q

Neutrophils

A

the most abundant circulating white blood cells capable of phagocytizing and digesting microbes

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11
Q

Monocytes

A

circulating white blood cells which are precursor cells for tissue macrophages

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12
Q

Macrophages

A

tissue residing phagocytic cells derived from monocytes. Infection-activated macrophages phagocytize and kill pathogens and secrete inflammatory mediators

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13
Q

Basophils

A

blood circulating granulocytes which may contribute to immediate hypersensitivity runs (allergy)

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14
Q

Mast cells

A

tissue residing cells involved in allergic reactions. Contain numerous granules filled with inflammatory mediators which being released trigger the immediate hypersensitivity rxns

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15
Q

Eosinophils

A

defense against extracellular parasites

-contribute to allergic diseases (late phase rxns)

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16
Q

NK Cells

A

subset of lymphocytes involved in innate responses

-recognize and kill abnormal cells such virus-infected cells or tumor cells

17
Q

Complement

A

a system of serum and cell surface proteins which upon activation generate an important defense mechanism. Activation of Complement results in a cascade of enzymatic reactions that produce inflammatory mediators and opsonins

18
Q

Acute-phase proteins

A

plasma proteins which concentration is increased in response to inflammation
Ex. C-reactive protein

19
Q

Cytokines

A

A large family of low-molecular weight soluble proteins involved in regulating cellular activity

20
Q

Chemokines

A

chemotactin cytokines that regulate the transit of leukocytes from blood into tissues

21
Q

Antigen (Ag)

A

any molecule that provokes an immune response

22
Q

Acquired immunity

A

involves proliferation of antigen-specific B and T cells

-occurs when the surface receptors of these cells bind to antigens

23
Q

Antibody (Ab)

A

a type of protein molecule that is also called immunoglobulin
-produced by B cells and exhibits a high degree of specificity to Ag

24
Q

T cell Receptor (TCR)

A

an antigen receptor on cell membrane of T lymphocytes that recognize foreign peptides presented by Ag-presenting cells

25
Q

Cells involved in acquired immune responses

A

APC
B cells
T cells

26
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

(APC)

display the antigen to lymphocytes and collaborate with them in the response to the antigen

27
Q

B cells

A

secrete immunoglobulins, the antigen-specific antibodies responsible for eliminating extracellular microorganisms

28
Q

T cells

A

the cell type that mediates cell-mediated immune response of adaptive immunity. T cells are matured in the thymus and circulate in blood. Once activated by specific antigen, T cells are recruited to a peripheral site

29
Q

2 Cell types central to adaptive immune response

A

T and B lymphocytes

30
Q

Phase I immune system

A

0-4 hours
Non-induced innate/non-specific response
-preformed defenses (skin barrier, pH, saliva proteases)

31
Q

Phase II immune system

A

4-96 hours
Induced innate/broadly specific response
-phagocytosis, complement activation, other inflammatory mechanism, cytokine secretion

32
Q

Phase III Immune system

A

> 96 hours
Induced adaptive/highly specific response
-B cells (Ab), helper T cells, cytolytic T cells

33
Q

Developed germ theory

A

Koch

34
Q

Practice of vaccination and variolization

A

Jenner

35
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

Have large layer of peptidoglycan

36
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A

Single layer of peptidoglycan

LPS

37
Q

Cell-mediated defense deals with _______ pathogens

A

Intracellular

38
Q

Antibody mediated defense deals with ______ pathogens

A

Extracellular

39
Q

Viruses

A

Immune response is dependent on location

At some stage, will express viral antigens that will be recognized and destroyed

Immunology (13 decks)

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