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Immunology > Introduction to Immune System Part I > Flashcards

Introduction to Immune System Part I Flashcards

1
Q

3 Circulating effector cells of innate immunity

A

Neutrophils, macrophages and NK cells

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2
Q

3 Circulating effector proteins of innate immunity

A

Complement
Mannose-binding lectin
C-reactive protein

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3
Q

TNF, IL-1, chemokines

A

Inflammation

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4
Q

IFN-a, IFN-B

A

Resistance to viral infection

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5
Q

IFN-y

A

Macrophage activation

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6
Q

IL-12

A

IFN-y production by NK cells and T cells

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7
Q

IL-15

A

Proliferation of NK cells

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8
Q

IL-10, TGF-B

A

Control of inflammation

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9
Q

Opsonization

A

Process by which a pathogen is marked for elimination

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10
Q

PMN

A

Polymorphonuclear

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11
Q

Neutrophils

A 
Majority of WBCs (60-70%)
PMN granulocytes
phagocytosis and digestion of microbes
Short lived (2-3 days)
Produce inflammatory mediators
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12
Q

Eosinophils

A

PMN granulocytes
Allergic rxns, defense against helminths
2-5% of WBC
granules for extracellular digestion

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13
Q

Basophils

A

Circulate in the blood
PMN granulocytes
Allergic rxns, contribute to elimination of parasites
Key role in anaphylactic reactions

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14
Q

Mast cells

A

Tissue fixed
PMN granulocytes
Allergic rxns

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15
Q

Monocytes

A

Mononuclear
Circulating macrophage precursor
3-8% of the blood
Important phagocytes

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16
Q

Macrophages

A

Tissue fixed
Mononuclear
Phagocytosis and digestion of microbes, antigen presentation

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17
Q

What comprises majority of WBCs?

A

Neutrophils

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18
Q

Main function of neutrophil?

A

Phagocytosis

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19
Q

Neutrophils and basophils produce these inflammatory mediators

A

Cytokines, prostaglandins and leukotrienes

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20
Q

Neutrophils have cytoplasmic granules that contain

A

Peroxidase
Lysozyme
Degradative enzymes
Defensins

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21
Q

Eosinophilic granules contain

A

Basic proteins
peroxidases
antimicrobial substances

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22
Q

Eosinophils secrete granules for

A

extracellular digestion of infectious pathogens

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23
Q

Which cell plays key pathogenic role in anaphylactic reactions

A

Basophils

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24
Q

Basophil granules contain

A

Histamine
Serotonin
Heparin
Cytokines and chemokines

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25
Q

Monocytes are

A

Blood precursor cells of tissue macrophages

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26
Q

Dr. Shnyra thinks this cell type is the beast to end all beasts

A

Macrophage

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27
Q

Macrophages in connective tissue called

A

Histocytes

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28
Q

Macrophages in liver called

A

Kupffer cells

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29
Q

Macrophages in lungs called

A

Alveolar macrophages

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30
Q

Macrophages in the CNS called

A

Microglial

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31
Q

Functions of macrophages in innate immunity

A

Phagocytosis and degradation
Produce and release enzymes
Produce and release inflammatory mediators

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32
Q

Macrophages produce and release these enzymes

A

Lipases, galactosidase

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33
Q

Macrophages produce and release these inflammatory mediators

A 
Cytokines and chemokines
Reactive oxygen intermediated (ROI)
Nitric oxide (NO)
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34
Q

NK Cells

A

Recognize and destroy a variety of target cell types without prior stimulation or immunization

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35
Q

NK cells targets

A

Virus cells
Cancer cells
Transplant cells

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36
Q

NK cells cytotoxic mechanism

A

secretion of perforin

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37
Q

Which part of the immune system do NK cells belong?

A

Innate

-broad, non-specific cytotoxic activity

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38
Q

Basic mechanism of self non-self discrimination

A

PAMPs - pathogen associated molecular patterns

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39
Q

PAMPs

A

Basic mechanism of recognizing self/non-self

No structural similarity with self Ags

40
Q

Cell receptors recognizing PAMPs are termed

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

41
Q

Mannose-tailed glycans are

A

Essential surface molecules of bacteria and viruses

42
Q

PRRs Receptors

A

Encoded in germline (in gamete producing cells)

Limited diversity

43
Q

PRR distribution of receptors

A

nonclonal; identical receptors on all cells of the same lineage

44
Q

PRR discrimination of self and nonself

A

Yes; host cells are not recognized or they may express molecules that prevent innate immune reactions

45
Q

Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)

A

Some are present on cell surface where they recognize products of extracellular microbes
Others are located in endosomes into which microbes are ingested

46
Q

TLRs present on cell surface

A 
TLR1
TLR2
TLR4
TLR5
TLR6
47
Q

TLRs located in endosome

A 
ONLY respond to nucleic acids
TLR3
TLR7
TLR8
TLR9
48
Q

TLR1

A

Bacterial lipopeptides

49
Q

TLR2

A

Bacterial lipopeptides

Bacterial peptidoglycan

50
Q

TLR4

A

LPS

51
Q

TLR5

A

Flagellin

52
Q

TLR6

A

Bacterial lipopeptides

53
Q

TLR3

A

dsRNA

54
Q

TLR7

A

ssRNA

55
Q

TLR8

A

ssRNA

56
Q

TLR9

A

CpG rich DNA

57
Q

TLR that recognizes Gram + bacteria PGN

A

TLR2

58
Q

TLR that recognizes Gram - bacteria LPS

A

TLR4

59
Q

TLRs Trigger

A

Activation of immune cells

NF-kB

60
Q

Role of PRRs in Phagocytosis

A

Microbes bind to phagocyte receptors
Phagocyte membrane zips up around microbe
Microbe ingested in phagosome
Fusion of phagosome with lysosome
Killin of microbes by lysosomal enzymes in phagolysosomes or killing of phagocytksed microbes by ROS and NO

61
Q

Complement System

A

Set of serum proteins which normally exist as soluble inactive precursors
Upon activation, cleaved into two fragments

62
Q

Complement large fragments

A

have enzymatic properties and activate the downstream components resulting in formation of Membrane Attack Complexes (MAC)

63
Q

Complement small fragments serve as

A

Opsonins
Chemotactic factors
Anaphylatoxins

64
Q

Opsonins

A

Deposited on microbes and enhance their uptake by phagocytes bearing complement receptors

65
Q

Chemotactic factors

A

attract immune cells

66
Q

Anaphylatoxins

A

cause degranulation of mast cells/basophiles and release vasoactive substances

67
Q

Activation of complement can be triggered 3 ways

A

Classical pathway
Alternative pathway
Lectin pathway

68
Q

Classical pathway

A

activated by Ag-Ab complexes

69
Q

Alternative pathway

A

activated by microbial-cell walls

70
Q

Lectin pathway

A

activated by interaction of microbial carbohydrates with mannose-binding protein in the plasma

71
Q

2 Phases of Complement activation

A

Activation of C3 component

Activation of C5 component

72
Q

Acute Phase Proteins

A

Blood circulating proteins involved in defense against infections
These plasma proteins are induced rapidly by cytokines after infection
Ex. Mannose-binding lectin
C-reactive protein

73
Q

Mannose-binding lectin

A

acute-phase protein

protein that recognizes microbial carbohydrates and activates the complement cascade through the lectin pathway

74
Q

C-reactive protein

A

Binds to phosphorylcholine on membranes and coats the membranes for phagocytosis by macrophages

75
Q

Cytokines

A

Small proteins secreted by many cell types
Mediate inflammation, immunity and hematopoiesis
Can be endocrine, paracrine or autocrine
Pro or anti-inflammatory

76
Q

Chemokines

A

Small protein chemoattractants important for trafficking of immune cells

77
Q

Cell source TNF

A

M, T cells

78
Q

Cell source IL-1

A

M, endothelial cells, some epithelial cells

79
Q

Cell source Chemokines

A

M, endothelial, T lymphocytes, fibroblasts, platelets

80
Q

Cell source IL-12

A

M, DCs

81
Q

Cell source IFN-y

A

NK cells, T lymphocytes

82
Q

ONLY cytokine that doesn’t come from M

A

IFN-y

83
Q

Cell source IL-12

A

M, T cells - mainly Th2

84
Q

Cell source IL-6

A

M, endothelial cells, T cells

85
Q

Cell source IL-15

A

M, others

86
Q

Cell source IL-18

A

M

87
Q

TNF

A 
Endothelial cells - activation
Neutrophils - activation
Hypothalamus - fever
Liver - synthesis of acute phase proteins
Muscle, fat - catabolism
Many cell types - apoptosis
88
Q

IL-1

A

Endothelial cells - activation (inflammation, coagulation)
Hypothalamus - fever
Liver - synthesis of acute phase proteins

89
Q

Chemokines

A

Leukocytes - chemotaxis, activation

90
Q

IL-12

A

NK cells and T cells - IFN-y synthesis, increased cytolytic activity
T cells - Th1 differentiation

91
Q

IFN-y

A

Activation of macrophages

Stimulation of some antibody responses

92
Q

Type I IFNs (IFN-a, IFN-B)

A 
All cells - antiviral state, increased class I MHC expression
NK cells - activation
93
Q

IL-10

A

Macrophages - inhibition of IL-12 production, reduced expression of costimulators and class II MHC molecules

94
Q

IL-6

A

Liver - synthesis of acute phase proteins

B cells - proliferation of antibody-producing cells

95
Q

IL-15

A

NK cells - proliferation

T cells - proliferation

96
Q

IL-18

A

NK cells and T cells - INF-y synthesis

Immunology (13 decks)

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