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Activation of Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomic and physical barrier effectors?

A

skin and mucous membranes, temperature, acidic pH, lactic acid, chemical mediators

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2
Q

Function of anatomic and physical barriers?

A

limit entry, spread, and replication of pathogens

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3
Q

Effectors of immune cells?

A

granulocytes and macrophages

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4
Q

function of granulocytes

A

phagocytosis, release of mediators

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5
Q

function of macrophages?

A

phagocytosis, release of mediators, Ag presentation

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6
Q

Effectors/Inflammatory mediators

A

complement, cytokines, lysozyme, acute-phase proteins, leukotienes and prostaglandins

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7
Q

function of complement

A

lysis of pathogen

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8
Q

function of cytokines

A

activation of immune cells

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9
Q

function of lysozyme

A

bacterial wall destruction

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10
Q

function of acute phase proteins

A

mediation of response

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11
Q

function of leukotrienes and prostaglandins

A

vasodilation and vascular permeability

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12
Q

Immune responses of innate immune system provide natural immunity via what 3 processes?

A
  1. phagocytosis and intracellular killing
  2. recruitment of other inflammatory cells
  3. presentation of antigens
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13
Q

what are the leukocytes?

A

neutrophils, monocytes and tissue macrophages, and eosinophils

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14
Q

natural killer cells are what kind of cells?

A

lymphocytes

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15
Q

NK cells

A

are large granular lymphocytes that kill infected host cells by a cytolytic mediator perforin

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16
Q

Neutrophils

A

first cells to arrive at site of tissue damage

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17
Q

activation of neutrophils lead to

A

respiratory bursts and release of granules to control bacterial growth

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18
Q

Macrophages

A

engulf organisms via multiple mechanisms

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19
Q

macrophages release?

A

many inflammatory mediators

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20
Q

Eosinophils

A

contain cationic granule proteins; fight helminthes and other multicellular parasites

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21
Q

Inflammation activated endothelial cells increase expression of?

A

E-selectin and P selectin adhesion molecules

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22
Q

First step in leukocyte extravasation

A

slow down and roll along endothelium

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23
Q

Second step in leukocyte extravasation

A

tight binding: integrins (leukocyte and endothelial cells)

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24
Q

Third step in leukocyte extravasation

A

diapedesis: migration thru endothelium

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25
Q

Forth step in leukocyte extravasation

A

IL-8 controls migration of neutrophils to inflammatory sites

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26
Q

Neutrophils contain what within their granules?

A

Cathepsin G, defensins, BPI, Lysozyme and lactoferrin

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27
Q

Lysozyme and lactoferrin

A

bactericidal or bacteriostatic proteins

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28
Q

BPI

A

increase permeability of bacterial membrane

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29
Q

Defensins

A

cationic (rich in Arg) antibiotic peptides:

  1. insert into microbial membranes-> destabilize ion channels
  2. Effect against gram positive and negative bacteria, fungi and enveloped viruses
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30
Q

Mononuclear phagocytes arise from?

A

precursors in bone marrow

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31
Q

Circulating mononuclear phagocytes?

A

monocytes

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32
Q

In tissues monocytes become

A

macrophages

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33
Q

macrophages may be activated by

A

microbes or microbial products

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34
Q

once monocyte become macrophages they can do what two things?

A

Differentiate or activate

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35
Q

Macrophages can differentiate into?

A

microglia (CNS)
Kupffer cells (liver)
Alveolar macrophages (lug)
Osteoclasts (bone)

36
Q

Chemoattractants for macrophages?

A

macrophage inflammatory proteins alpha and beta

37
Q

what cells work together as phagocytic cells?

A

macrophages and neutrophils

38
Q

classical macrophage activation is induced by what?

A

TLRs and IFN-gamma

39
Q

What are classically activated macrophages involved in?

A

destroying microbes and inflammation

40
Q

what is another name of classically activated macrophages?

41
Q

Alternatively activated macrophages are induced by?

A

IL-4 and IL-13

42
Q

Alternatively activated macrophages are also called?

43
Q

What are alternatively activated macrophages involved in?

A

tissue repair and to control inflammation

44
Q

N-formylmethjionyl peptide (fMet) is present in what kinds of cells?

A

present in prokaryotes not in eukaryotes

45
Q

What does fMet help to distinguish?

A

self from non-self

46
Q

mannose receptor recognize what type of ligand?

A

terminal mannose

47
Q

What do scavenger receptors recognize?

A

Amionic polymers

48
Q

What are the two scavenger receptors?

A

SR-AI, SR-AII

49
Q

Ligand for TLR3?

A

viral dsRNA

50
Q

Ligand for TLR4?

A

gram-negative microbial LPS

51
Q

Ligand for TLR5?

52
Q

Ligand for TLR9?

A

Microbial DNA (unmethylated CpG)

53
Q

Ligand for TLR1, 2, and 6

A

gram-positive LPS, pathogen-specific lipopeptides

54
Q

Direct NK function?

A

recognized infected/stressed cells release granules and kill dysfunctional cells

55
Q

Indirect NK function?

A

activated by IL-12 secreted by macrophages; secrete IFN-gamma

56
Q

what does IFN-gamma stimulate?

A

activates phagocytosis and killing of pathogens by macrophages

57
Q

What are the two kinds of receptors?

A

activating and inhibitory

58
Q

Inhibitory receptors are engaged and activated with what?

A

expression of class I MHC

59
Q

virus-infected cells lack what?

A

proper levels of MHC class I

60
Q

Healthy cells activate N cells through what channel?

A

Protein tyrosine kinase

61
Q

what do the 3 pathways of complement activation lead to?

A

production of C3b

62
Q

what does C3b initiate the activation of?

A

C5 component

63
Q

complement cascade cumulates with the formation of?

A

membrane attack complex

64
Q

classical complement activation is initiated by what?

A

binding of IgM or two IgGs on microbe surface

65
Q

First step in classical activation of complement?

A
  1. C1 binds to Ig
66
Q

Second step in classical activation of complement?

A
  1. C1 cleaves C2 and C4
67
Q

Third step in classical activation of complement?

A
  1. C4b attaches covalently to microbial surfaces
68
Q

Forth step in classical activation of complement?

A
  1. C2a binds to C4b and C3 convertase formed
69
Q

C3a plays a role in what?

A

inflammation and chemotaxis

70
Q

What does C3b play a role iN?

A

formation of C5 convertase and opsoninizing bacteria

71
Q

what is opsonin’s function?

A

increases phagocytosis

72
Q

C3b complexes with what to give rise to C5 convertase?

A

C3 convertase

C5 convertase= C4b, 2a, 3b

73
Q

C5 convertase gives rise to C5a and C5b fragments. C5b fragment is responsible for what?

A

initiating the self-assembly of the MAC pathway

74
Q

MAC contains what molecules?

A

C5b, 6, 7, 8, and lots of C9

75
Q

what do acute phase proteins accompany?

A

inflammation

76
Q

Where are acute phase proteins produced?

A

hepatocytes

77
Q

acute phase protein production is regulated by what cytokine?

78
Q

What are the functions of acute phase proteins?

A

highly variable and diverse

79
Q

Function of c-reactive protein

A

fixes complement, opsonizes

80
Q

Function of mannose binding protein

A

fixes complement, opsonizes

81
Q

Function of alpha1-acid glycoprotein

A

transport protein

82
Q

Function of serum amyloid P component

A

amyloid component precursor

83
Q

What is an important function of PRRs?

A

bridge between innate and adaptive immunity

84
Q

PRRs cause the activation and maturation of what cells?

85
Q

What kind of cells do APCs present Ags to?

A

naive T cells

86
Q

cytokines secreted by APCs help assist what?

A

development and maturation of T-cell

Immunology (13 decks)

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