Primer 20 - Psychosis and Antipsychotic Drugs

Question 1

What is a common cause of visual hallucination?

Answer 1

Side effects of medical illness like dementia or intoxication.

Question 2

What is the most common cause of auditory hallucination?

Answer 2

More common in psychiatric illnesses like schizophrenia.

Question 3

What is the most common cause of olfactory hallucinations?

Answer 3

Often occur before seizures or brain tumors.

Question 4

What disease is associated with tactile hallucinations?

Answer 4

Alcohol withdrawal And cocaine use. Can also cause formication - with an M: means the sensation of insects crawling under the skin.

Question 5

What are hypnagogic hallucinations?

Answer 5

Hallucinations when you are about to go to sleep; the word “go” in the word hypnagogic, tell you that it happens when you are GOING to sleep. They are often auditory hallucinations.

Question 6

What are hypnopompic hallucinations?

Answer 6

Hallucination when you are about to wake. The “M” in hypnopompic is for Morning.

Question 7

What is Delusional Disorder?

Answer 7

A fixed, persistent non-bizzare belief that lasts for more than one month. One big distinction of this disease is that the functioning is not impaired. Often self-limited.

Question 8

What is Shared Psychotic Disorder?

Answer 8

Development of delusions in a person in a close relation with someone suffering Delusional disorder.

Question 9

What is the change in anatomy in patients with schizophrenia?

Answer 9

Their brains are smaller, ventricles are enlarged and cortex is thinner.

Question 10

What is most distinct environmental risk factor for schizophrenia?

Answer 10

Exposure to psychoactive substances during adolecense and young adulthood; marijuana, LSD, cocaine, amphetamines.

Question 11

What are positive symptoms?

Answer 11

“Adding something that should not be there.”

Delusions, hallucinations (auditory), Disorganized speech, Disorganized or catatonic behavior.

Question 12

What are negative symptoms?

Answer 12

“When you take away something that is normally there”

Flat effect, social withdrawal, lack of motivation and speech, thought blocking, poor grooming.

Question 13

What would be the physiological cause of increase in positive symptoms?

Answer 13

An increase in dopamine in mesolimbic pathway.

Question 14

What would be the physiological cause of increase in negative symptoms?

Answer 14

Current hypothesis is that decreased dopamine in mesocortical tract.

Question 15

What is schizophreniform disorder?

Answer 15

Same symptoms of schizophrenia but last only up to 6 months.

Question 16

What is Brief psychotic disorder?

Answer 16

A period of psychosis lasting less than on month, usually due to stress.

Question 17

What is schizoaffective disorder?

Answer 17

Schizophrenic psychosis with a mood disorder. You have to have at least two weeks of psychotic symptoms while the mood is stable: pure psychosis with no mood disorder. The dominant feature is the psychosis with a little of mood disorder.

Question 18

What are the 2 categories for antipsychotic drugs?

Answer 18

Typical and atypical antipsychotics.

Question 19

What is another name for typical antipsychotics and what are the two main categories of it?

Answer 19

AKA traditional neuroleptics, it is divided by low potency and high potency.

Question 20

What are the side effects of low potency antipsychotics?

Answer 20

It causes anticholinergic effects: sedation, dry mouth, ileus, urinary retention.

Question 21

What are the side effects of high potency antipsychotics?

Answer 21

They have fewer anticholinergic effects but cause more extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia. Also causes neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

Question 22

What are two important low potency antipsychotic?

Answer 22

Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine.

Question 23

What are five important high potency antipsychotics?

Answer 23

Haloperidol, Fluphenazine, Loxapine, Thiothixene, Trifluoperazine.

Question 24

What are the side effects of atypical antipsychotics?

Answer 24

Fewer extrapyramidal symptoms and fewer anticholinergic symptoms. Causes weight gain.

Question 25

What are five important atypical antipsychotics?

Answer 25

Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Risperidone, Aripiprazole, Clozapine.

Question 26

Which type of symptoms of schizophrenia are easier to treat?

Answer 26

Positive symptoms are easier to treat than negative symptoms.”Easier to take away something new than to restore something lost.”

Question 27

Which type of antipsychotics work better on negative symptoms compared to other antipsychotics?

Answer 27

Atypical antipsychotics.

Question 28

What are the three antipsychotics to treat Tourret’s syndrome?

Answer 28

Fluphenazine, Pimozide, Tetrabenazine.

Question 29

What are the extrapyramidal side effects that can occur in within 1 to 5 days?

Answer 29

Acute dystonia and torticollis.

Question 30

What are the extrapyramidal side effects that can occur in within 1 month?

Answer 30

Bradykinesia.

Question 31

What are the extrapyramidal side effects that can occur in within 2 month?

Answer 31

Akathisia.

Question 32

What causes Tardive dyskinesia and what is the prognosis of this disease?

Answer 32

It is caused by prolonged use of antipsychotics and it is often irreversible.

Question 33

What is neuroleptic malignant syndrome and what causes it?

Answer 33

Delirium and altered mental status, autonomic instability, muscle rigidity, myoglobinuria, and hyperpyrexia. It is caused by high potency antipsychotics.

Question 34

What is the treatment for neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

Answer 34

Bromocryptine or dantrolene.

Question 35

What is an interesting side effect of olanzapine and what disease is it at risk for?

Answer 35

It is an atypical antipsychotic so it blocks dopamine and seratonin. This can cause weight gain, which puts the patient at risk of developing diabetes.

Question 36

What is the most severe side effect of clozapine?

Answer 36

Agranulocytosis.

Question 37

What is the difference between hallucination and illusion and delusions?

Answer 37

Hallucination is when you perceive something when there is no stimuli. Illusion is when you misinterpret a stimuli. Delusions are false beliefs that persists despite obvious proof to the contrary.