Prevertebral Region and Pharynx Flashcards
Where are the anterior vertebral muscles and what are their names?
. Directly posterior to the retropharyngeal space . Longus colli . Longus capitis . Rectus capitis anterior . Anterior scalene
Where are the prevertebral muscles located? What are the two groups of prevertebral muscles?
. Posterior to the cervical viscera and anterolateral to the vertebral column
. Anterior and lateral groups
Where are the lateral vertebral muscles located and what are their names?
. Posterior to the cervical and brachial plexuses and subclavian artery . Rectus capitis lateralis . Splenius capitis . Levator Scapulae . Middle Scalene . Posterior Scalene
What is the root of the neck?
Junction between the thorax and neck
What are the boundaries of the root of the neck?
. Inferior boundary: formed laterally by the first pair of ribs and their costal cartilages
. Anterior boundary: manubrium
. Posterior boundary: body of T1 vertebrae
What is the largest branch off of the aorta and what are its 2 immediate branches?
. Brachiocephalic trunk
. R common carotid and R subclavian
(the L subclavian is a direct branch off of the aorta)
What are the three divisions of the subclavian artery, and what muscle divides it?
. The anterior scalene divides it (runs over the 2nd part)
. 1st part = gives off vertebral, internal thoracic, and thyrocervical trunk
. 2nd part = costocervical artery
. 3rd part = no branches, unless dorsal scapular comes off it, which happens 25% of the time
What are the 4 parts of the vertebral artery? Where do they pass through?
. Cervical: arises from the first part of the subclavian and ascends in the pyramidal space (between scalene and longus colli muscles)
. Vertebral: transverse foramina of C1-C6
. Suboccipital: courses in a groove on the posterior aspect of the atlas before it enters the foramen magnum
. Cranial: merge to form the basilar artery
What are the two large veins that terminate in the root of the neck and what do they drain?
. EJV and Anterior JV
. EJV drians the face and scalp
. AJV drains the superficial aspects of the submental and muscular triangles
What veins form the jugular venous arch and where is it?
. Anterior jugular veins
. Above the manubrium
The brachiocephalic vein is formed by which two veins? What is another name for it and what happens here?
. IJV and subclavian
. Venous angle
. Drainage site of R lymphatic and thoracic ducts
What are relevant branches of the vagus nerve in this region?
. Recurrent laryngeal nerves
. Cardiac branches
Where do the L and R recurrent laryngeal nerves wrap around? What is the name of the groove they course through?
. L wraps around the arch of the aorta
. R wraps around the R subclavian
. Both course through the the tracheoesophageal groove
Where do the carotid branches originate from and what are their functional components?
. Branches from the neck as well as the thorax
. Para/pre and VA fibers to the cardiac plexus
Phrenic nerve: roots, innervation, course
. ventral rami of C3-C5
. diaphragm
. anterior surface of anterior scalenes
The cervical portion of the sympathetic trunks lie _________ to the vertebral column and extend to _________
. Anterolateral
. C1 vertebrae
After __________ fibers synapse at one of the 3 cervical ganglia, ________ fibers can travel to what 3 types of nerves/plexuses?
. Sym/pre
. Sym/post
1. Cervical spinal nerves (via gray rami communicantes)
2. Sup/Mid/Inf Cardiopulmonary Splanchnics (to thoracic viscera)
3. Sympathetic periarterial plexuses
What are the names of the 3 cervical sympathetic ganglia and where are they found?
. Superior: C1-C2
. Middle: C6
. Inferior: C7
*referring to vertebral levels
What are the 3 branches off the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion?
. Form internal/external carotid sympathetic plexuses
. Sends sym/post fibers to ventral rami of C1-C4
. Gives off the superior cardiopulmonary splanchnic
What are the 2 branches off of the middle cervical sympathetic ganglion
. Sym/post fibers to the ventral rami of C5-C6
. Middle cardiopulmonary splanchnic
What is special about the inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion? What are its 2 branches?
. It fuses with the first thoracic ganglion = stellate ganglion
. Sym/post fibers to ventral rami of C7-C8
. Inferior cardiopulmonary splachnic
How long is the pharynx and where does it extend to/from?
. 12-15cm
. Base of skull to C6 vertebrae (where the trachea begins)
What does the pharynx do?
. Directs air to the larynx
. Directs food to the esophagus (via the pharyngeal constrictor muscles)
What are the two fascial layers associated with the pharynx and which is thicker?
. Pharyngobasilar (thicker)
. Buccopharyngeal
Name the pharyngeal wall layers and spaces.
. (Lumen) . Submucosa . Mucosa . Pharyngobasilar fascia . Pharyngeal muscles . Buccopharyngeal fascia . Retropharyngeal spae . Alar fascia . Prevertebral space (danger zone) . Prevertebral fascia
Where is the retropharyngeal space and where does it lead?
. Between the buccopharyngeal and alar fascias
. Superior mediastinum
Where is the prevertebral space and where does it lead?
. Between the alar and prevertebral fascias
. Posterior mediastinum
Where are the 3 divisions of the pharynx?
. Nasopharynx - choanae to pharyngeal isthmus
. Oropharynx - pharyngeal isthmus to epiglottis
. Laryngopharynx - epiglottis to esophagus
What are the internal structures of the nasopharynx?
. Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids if inflamed… can lead to otitis media)
. Torus tubarius (tubal tonsils here) (upper ridge of auditory tube)
. Salpingopharyngeal fold (extends from auditory tube)
. Pharyngeal recess
What are the internal structures of the oropharynx?
. Lingual tonsil
. Palatine tonsil (in the tonsillar bed)
. Palatoglossal arch (made up by the palatoglossal muscle)
. Palatopharyngeal arch (made up by the palatopharyngeal muscle)