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Anatomy > Ear > Flashcards

Ear Flashcards

0
Q

What joins the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

A

Auditory tube

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1
Q

What separates the external and middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane

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2
Q

What is the auricle?

A

The part of the ear that collects sound

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3
Q

What is the external acoustic meatus?

A

Conducts sound toward the tympanic membrane

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4
Q

What forms the outer ear?

A

Auricle and external acoustic meatus

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5
Q

What are the structures on the auricle? (7)

A

Helix, antihelix, tragus, antitragus, scaphoid fossa, lobule, concha

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6
Q

Sensory innervation to the outer ear is by what three nerves? Where do the come from?

A

. Auriculotemporal nerve (V3)
. Greater auricular nerve (cervical plexus C2-C3)
. Lesser occipital nerve (cervical plexus C2-C3)

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7
Q

What parts of the ear do the auriulotemporal, greater auricular, and lesser occipital nerves innervate?

A

Auriculotemporal - anterior wall of external acoustic meautus, ~2/3 of the exterior surface of the tympanic membrane, tragus, and the ear/skin superior to the tragus
Greater auricular - lobule, most of helix/anti-helix, most of cranial surface
Lesser occipital - upper part of cranial surface

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8
Q

What nerves serve the concha and external acoustic meatus? Functional components?

A

CN VII innervates dots in the concha (SA)
The auricular branch of CN X innervates the external acoustic meatus and ~1/3 of the surface of the external tympanic membrane (SA)

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9
Q

Blood supply to the auricle and external acoustic meatus (2)?

A

Posterior auricular

Superficial temporal

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10
Q

Lymph drainage of the auricle and external acoustic meatus?

A

Superficial parotid LNs - lateral surface of superior half of auricle
Mastoid and deep cervical LNs - cranial surface of superior half
Superficial cervical LNs - remainder of auricle and lobule

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11
Q

What bone is the middle ear located in?

A

Petrous part of temporal bone

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12
Q

What are the contents of the middle ear?

A

3 auditory ossicles
Stapedius and tensor tympani muscles
Chorda tympani (CN VII)
Tympanic plexus

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13
Q

Innervation to the mucosa of the middle ear is from what nerve? Functional components?

A

CN IX (VA)

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14
Q

Innervation of internal surface of tympanic membrane? functional components?

A

CN IX (VA)

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15
Q

Where will you see the cone of light? What is it from?

A

Projecting down from the umbo (which is “attached” to the handle of the malleus)
Reflection of light from an otoscope

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16
Q

The chorda tympani travels _______ the incus

A

Behind

So it travels behind the incus and kind of crosses over the tympanic membrane

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17
Q

Do the auditory ossicles have periosteum?

A

No, but they are covered with mucosa

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18
Q

What does the malleus articulate with?

A

Tympanic membrane and incus

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19
Q

What does the incus articulate with?

A

Malleus and stapes

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20
Q

What does the stapes articulate with?

A

Incus and Oval window

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21
Q

Whats on the other side of the oval window?

A

Fluid filled chambers of cochlea

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22
Q

Why is the vibratory force of the stapes increased _____ times over that of the tympanic membrane?

A

10x

Because its smaller than the tympanic membrane

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23
Q

What do the auditory ossicles do?

A

Increase force but decrease amplitude of vibrations transmitted by the tympanic membrane

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24
Q

What happens when the stapes vibrates on the oval window?

A

Fluid current changes in the chambers of the cochlea create the specialized hair cells in the Organ of Corti to trigger impulses to the brain via CN VIII

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25
Q

What are the 6 walls of the middle ear cavity?

A 
Carotid - anterior
Mastoid - posterior
Membranous - lateral
Labyrinthine - medial
Tegmental - roof 
Jugular - floor
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26
Q

What does the chorda tympani do again? Functional components?

A

Transmits ss-taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Carries VE-para/pre fibers to the submandibular ganglion via the lingual nerve
ss-taste, VE-para/pre, VA

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27
Q

What does the tensor tympani do, where is it attached, what is is innervated by?

A

Dampens vibration of the malleus
(head of malleus extends to the epitympanic recess)
It attaches to the handle of the malleus and cartilage of the auditory tube
Innervated by V3

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28
Q

What does the labyrinthine wall separate?

A

Middle ear from inner ear

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29
Q

On a bony elevation called the promontory (formed by cochlea), there is a _________ created by which nerve?

A

Tympanic plexus

Tympanic branch of CN IX

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30
Q

The tympanic plexus condenses superiorly as the _____________.

A

Lesser petrosal nerve

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31
Q

What are the functional components of lesser petrosal, and where is it going?

A

VE-para/pre fibers to the otic ganglion

32
Q

Para/post fibers from the otic ganglion will supply which gland?

A

Parotid gland

33
Q

What are the two windows on the labyrinthine wall, and what does each do?

A

Oval - foot of stapes

Round - responds to current changes created by the foot plate of the stapes on the oval window

34
Q

What does the carotid wall separate?

A

Tympanic cavity from the carotid canal

35
Q

The carotid wall is associated with what three structures?

A

ICA, opening of auditory tube (connects middle ear to nasopharynx), and canal for tensor tympani muscle

36
Q

The auditory tube allows for what?

A

Pressure of middle ear and atmospheric pressure to be equalized

37
Q

The posterolateral 1/3 of the auditory tube is ________ while the rest is _________.

A

Bony while the rest is cartilaginous

38
Q

The mastoid wall has an opening that leads to what? What lines the opening?

A 
Mastoid antrum (chamber)
Mastoid air cells
39
Q

The posterior also has a canal for what nerve? Whats the canal called?

A

Facial canal for CN VII
It travels through the canal on its way out of the skull via the stylomastoid foramen. It gives off the chorda tympani before exiting the skull.

40
Q

What does the stapedius do and where is it located?

A

Acts to dampen the vibration of the stapes (CN VII)

Originates from small pyramidal eminence on posterior wall and attaches to stapes

41
Q

The tegmental wall is composed of a thin layer of bone called the __________. What does it do?

A

tegmen tympani

Separates the tympanic cavity from the dura mater on the floor of the middle cranial fossa

42
Q

The jugular wall is separated from what?

A

A layer of bone separates the tympanic cavity from the superior bulb of IJV

43
Q

Which labyrinth contains endolymph? Perilymph?

A

Membranous labyrinth contains endolymph

Bony labyrinth contains perilymph

44
Q

The membranous labyrinth is suspended within the bony labyrinth via?

A

Either by delicate filaments or the spiral ligament

45
Q

What is peri/endolymph for?

A

Stimulating the end organs for balance and hearing

46
Q

What is the bony labyrinth?

A

A series of cavities (cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals) contained within the otic capsule of the petrous part of the temporal bone

47
Q

Is the otic capsule more or less dense than the petrous temporal bone?

A

More

48
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

Portion of inner ear responsible for hearing

It is shell-shaped and contains the cochlear duct

49
Q

Describe the spiral canal

A

The spiral canal of the cochlea begins at the vestibule and makes 2.5 turns around a bony core known as the modiolus

50
Q

Modiolus?

A

Contains canals that allow for the passage of blood vessels and the cochlear nerve

51
Q

Cochlear aqueduct?

A

The bony labyrinth communicates with the subarachnoid space superior to the jugular foramen through the cochlear aqueduct

52
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

Small oval chamber that contains the utricle and saccule and parts of the vestibular labyrinth (balancing apparatus)

53
Q

What is on the lateral wall of the vestibule?

A

The oval window

54
Q

What does the vestibular aqueduct do?

A

Creates continuous connections between the vestibule and the cochlea anteriorly, semicircular canals posteriorly, and posterior cranial fossa.

55
Q

What does the vestibular aqueduct transmit?

A

Endolymphatic duct and two small vessels

56
Q

The semicircular canals (anterior, posterior, lateral) are _______ and set at _________ angles from each other

A

open, right

57
Q

Each semicircular canal forms about ______ of a circle and contains a bony _________ at one end.

A

2/3, ampulla

58
Q

How many openings do the semicircular canals have into the vestibule?

A

5 (anterior and posterior canals share a common limb)

59
Q

The membranous labyrinth is divided into what three structures?

A 
Vestibular labyrinth (utricle and saccule)
Cochlea labyrinth (cochlear duct in cochlea)
Semicircular ducts (in semicircular canals)
60
Q

The semicircular ducts open up into the utricle via how many openings?

A

5

61
Q

The utricle communicates with the saccule through what? What arises from this structure?

A

Utriculosaccular duct

The endolymphatic duct arises from the utriculosaccular duct.

62
Q

The semicircular ducts respond to ____________ head movements

A

rotational (angular accelerations)

63
Q

What is the ductus reunions?

A

The saccule is continuous with the cochlear duct through the ductus reunions

64
Q

The utricle and saccule respond to __________ movement

A

linear

65
Q

What is maculae

A

Specialized areas of sensory epithelium in the utricle and saccule

66
Q

Each ampulla at the end of each semicircular canal contains a sensory area known as?

A

ampullary crest

67
Q

What are sensors in the ampullary crests doing?

A

Recording movements of the endolymph in the ampulla resulting from rotation of the head in the plane of the duct

68
Q

What does the vestibular ganglion house?

A

Cell bodies of neurons that are associated with hair cells of the crests and macullae

69
Q

The cochlear duct is a spiral, blind tube that is ________ at one end

A

closed at one end

70
Q

What suspends the cochlear duct across the cochlear canal?

A

Spiral ligament on external wall of cochlear canal

Osseous spiral lamina of the modiolus

71
Q

Helicotrema?

A

Apex of the cochlea that provides communication between the two channels of the perilymph-filled spiral canal
The endolymph-filled cochlear duct divides these two channels

72
Q

Scala vestibuli vs scala tympani

A

Vestibuli is in contact with the oval window

Tympani is in contact with the round window

73
Q

Roof and floor of cochlear duct?

A

Vestibular membrane

Basilar membrane

74
Q

Receptor of auditory stimulation? Where does it lay?

A

Organ of Corti

Between tectorial membrane and basilar membrane

75
Q

What goes through the internal acoustic meatus

A

CN VII
CN VIII
internal auditory artery

76
Q

Functional components of CN VIII?

A

Vestibular branch - SS fibers for equilibrium and balance

Cochlear branch - SS fibers for hearing

77
Q

Otitis media

A

Inflammation of middle ear cavity (often secondary to upper respiratory infections)

Inflammation can cause blockage of the auditory tube

78
Q

Microtia

A

(means small auricle)
Results from depressed development of auricular hillocks
May indicate atresia of the external acoustic meatus and an abnormal middle ear cavity

Anatomy (13 decks)

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