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Anatomy > Embryology of head and neck > Flashcards

Embryology of head and neck Flashcards

0
Q

Paraxial mesoderm (somites and somitomeres) forms the majority of what 4 things?

A

Membranous and cartilaginous parts of the neurocranium
All voluntary muscles of the craniofacial region
Dermis and CTs in dorsal region of head
Meninges caudal to the prosencephalon (forebrain)

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1
Q

Mesenchyme for formation of the head region is derived from what 4 things?

A

neural crest cells
ectodermal placddes
paraxial mesoderm
lateral plate mesoderm

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2
Q

Lateral plate mesoderm forms what?

A

Laryngeal cartilages and CT in this region

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3
Q

Neural crest cells form what million things?

A

entire viscerocranium, part of neurocranium, bone, cartilage, tendons, dermis, pia mater, arachnoid mater, sensory neurons, glandular CT, dentin

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4
Q

Ectodermal placodes form what?

A

neurons of the 5th, 7th, 9th, 10th cranial sensory ganglia

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5
Q

When do the pharyngeal arches appear?

A

In the 4th and 5th weeks of development

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6
Q

Pharyngeal arches begin to develop as _____________ and migrate from ___________

A

neural crest cells

hindbrain

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7
Q

The pharyngeal arches support the lateral walls of the _________

A

primordial pharynx

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8
Q

which arch completely regresses and forms nothing?

A

5th

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9
Q

The pharyngeal arches have what 4 components?

A

1 Pharyngeal arch artery that arises from the truncus arteriosus and runs around the pharynx to enter the dorsal aorta
2 Cartilaginous rod that forms the skeleton
3 Muscular component
4 Cranial nerve that supplies the mucosa and muscles derived from the arch

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10
Q

Cartilage/bones and ligaments from 1st arch?

A

Meckel’s cartilage (provides template for mandible development)
Malleus and Incus (also from Meckel’s)
Anterior ligament of the malleus
Sphenomandibular ligaments

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11
Q

Cartilage/bones and ligaments by 2nd arch?

A

Reichert cartilage provides a template for:

Stapes, styloid process, lesser cornu of hyoid, upper part of body of hyoid, stylohyoid ligament

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12
Q

Cartilage/bones and ligaments by 3rd arch?

A

Greater cornu of hyoid

Lower part of body of hyoid

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13
Q

Bones/cartilage and ligaments of 4th and 6th?

A 
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Cuneiform cartilage
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14
Q

Muscles and cranial nerves 1st arch

A 
V2 & V3
Muscles of mastication
Anterior belly of digastric
Mylohyoid
Tensor tympani
Tensor veli palatini
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15
Q

Muscles and nerves of 2nd arch?

A 
CN VII
Mimetic
Stapedius
Posterior belly of digastric
Stylohyoid
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16
Q

Muscles/nerves in 3rd arch?

A

CN IX

stylopharyngeus

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17
Q

Muscles/nerves from 4th arch?

A

Superior laryngeal branch of X
Muscles of soft palate (except tensor veli palatini)
Muscles of pharynx (except stylopharyngeus)
Cricothyroid and cricopharyngeus

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18
Q

Muscles/nerves from 6th arch?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve from X
Intrinsic muscles of larynx (except cricothyroid)
Striated muscles of esophagus

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19
Q

1st arch arteries?

A

disappear but remnants form

maxillary arteries

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20
Q

2nd arch arteries

A

disappear but remnants form

Hyoid and stapedial arteries

21
Q

3rd arch arteries

A

common carotid arteries

1st part of internal carotid arteries

22
Q

left 4th arch arteries

A

arch of aorta from left common carotid to left subclavian

23
Q

right 4th arch arteries

A

right subclavian (proximal portion)

24
Q

Remainder of internal carotid arteries?

A

dorsal aorta

25
Q

external carotid arteries

A

sprout from 3rd aortic arch

26
Q

Proximal arch of aorta and brachiocephalic artery?

A

aortic sac

27
Q

Distal right subclavian and left subclavian

A

7th intersegmental arteries

28
Q

There are ___ paired pharyngeal pouches that develop in a _________ sequence between the arches

A

4

craniocaudal

29
Q

Pharyngeal membranes are formed by what?

A

Endoderm of pouches and ectoderm of pharyngeal grooves

30
Q

The 1st pharyngeal pouch gives rise to what

A

Tubotympanic recess - tympanic cavity and mastoid antrum

31
Q

Connection of tubotympanic and pharynx forms what?

A

Auditory tube

32
Q

2nd pharyngeal pouch

A

palatine tonsil

portion will remain as tonsilar fossa

33
Q

3rd pharyngeal pouch

A 
Inferior parathyroid glands (solid dorsal portion)
Thymus gland (hollow ventral portion)
34
Q

4th pharyngeal pouch

A 
Superior parathyroid gland (each bulbar dorsal portion)
Ultimopharyngeal body (hollow ventral portion)
35
Q

Fusion of the ultimopharyngeal body and thyroid gland gives rise to

A 
parafollicular cells (C cells) of thyroid gland
calcitonin producing
36
Q

5th pharyngeal pouch

A

rudimentary and becomes part of 4th

37
Q

There are ____ pharyngeal grooves that from during the _____________ weeks

A

4

4th and 5th

38
Q

The pharyngeal grooves separate what? Are invaginations of what?

A

Pharyngeal arches externally

Ectoderm

39
Q

Which is the only groove that persists? What does it give rise to?

A

Pharyngeal groove 1

external acoustic meatus

40
Q

What happens to the other grooves?

A

lie in slit like depression known as the cervical sinus

41
Q

Pharyngeal membranes form where? Which one survives and what does it become?

A

Found between pharyngeal arches

Pharyngeal membrane 1 becomes the tympanic membrane

42
Q

Mandibulofacial dystostosis ?

A

Defective migration or proliferation of neural crest cells

caused by underdevelopment of 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches

43
Q

Treacher-Collins and Pierre Robin syndromes?

A

Congenital malformations of eyes, ears, mandible and palate

1st arch

44
Q

DiGeorge syndrome

A

Caused by abnormalities of neural crest cell migration and proliferation while 3rd & 4th pharyngeal arches develop.
(1) minor craniofacial defects including micrognathia, low set ears, auricular abnormalities, and cleft palate
(2) total or partial agenesis of the derivatives of the 3rd & 4th pharyngeal pouches (thymus & parathyroid glands)
(3) cardiovascular defects.
This syndrome is associated with partial monosomy of chromosome 22 but is also seen with children of alcoholic women

45
Q

Which glands are highly variable in number and location?

A

parathyroid (2-6)

46
Q

A remnant of the thyroglossal duct may persist and form the

A

Thyroglossal duct cyst in the tongue or even the anterior portion of the neck usually just below the hyoid

infection = thyroglossal duct sinus

47
Q

ankyloglossia

A

tongue tie

frenulum is too short but will stretch with time

48
Q

Clefts of the anterior palate

A

Lateral palatine processes don’t meet and fuse with the primary palate

49
Q

Clefts of posterior palate

A

lateral palatine processes don’t meet and fuse with each other and with the nasal septum

50
Q

Clefts of the anterior and posterior parts of the palate

A

lateral palatine processes don’t meet with primary palate, each other, or nasal septum

51
Q

Coloboma of the iris

A

Defect in the inferior sector of the iris or the pupillary margin gives the pupil a keyhole appearance

Failure of closure of the retinal fissure during the 6th week

Anatomy (13 decks)

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