Preventing and Controlling Infectious Disease Flashcards
multiple drug resistant organism (MDROs)
bacteria that has become resistant to one or more classes of antimicrobial agents
cost HC billions of dollars
where are MDRO found
acute or long term care facilities
how do MDROs spread
hands of HC workers
how to prevent MDROs
handing washing, protective clothing, careful use of antibiotics, private rooms, vaccination
how susceptible are HC workers to infectious disease
depends on their immunity and occupation
what social determinants of health increase chance of infectious diseases
economic status- can’t afford to replace soap, unsanitary living conditions
drug use
leading cause of infectious disease deaths in US
lower respiratory infectious
only cause of ID that increased in mortality rates,
diarrhea is second
third is HIV
epidemic/pandemic
ongoing- HIV,AIDS, TB, malaria
on the rise- hepatitis
nearly eradicated- measles
successfully contained- zika
frequent outbreaks- cholera
emerging ID
agents spread to new geographic locations or new populations
a lot of them come from animals
vector borne
SARS, zika, covid, avian influenza
factors to outbreaks
traveling
more density of human pop
social inequality
reportable data
HAIs
employee illness
CAI
antibiotic usage
culture reports
immunization data
IC education
reportable diseases
CDC requires diseases be reported upon dx, by phone or writing, total number of cases if outbreak
informed decisions are made based on
info and laws about activities and environment for prevention and control
HAI reporting
CDC is primary agency that collects info on HAIs, through NHSN
HC associated infection workgroups
AHRQ, CDC, CMS, OPPHP, NCHS,
most effective way to stop spread of ID
education, prevention measures, sanitation
most ppl recover unless
have underlying issues
infection management plan should be developed by
clinical staff, ,establish evidence based national guidelines or expert consensus
outline types of routine surveillance and procedures to limit transmission
MACRA Quality payment program
physicians may choose to
participate in an Advanced Payment
Model (APM) or submit data to the Merit-
Based Incentive Payment System (MIP
steps of preventing/controlling infectious disease
- control infections through standard precaution
- conduct ongoing infection survey and epidemiologic investigation
- conduct educational and screening programs
step 1 control infection through standard precaution
wash hands (single most important way to prevent spread)
wear protective clothing
disinfect equipmentu
routes of infection
contact (direct/indirect)
droplet
airborne
insect-borne
5 points of hand hygiene
before pt contact
before aseptic task
after body fluid exposure risk
after pt contact
after contact with pt surroundings
preventing HAIs
screening ICU
hand hygiene
cleaning surfaces
well ventilation
sterilization
apart of NPSG
step 2: ongoing surveillance
data drives action, epidemiologic investigations
any occurrence of infection is evaluated
CBI vs HAI
community illness present when entering hospitals ex: norovirus from nursing homes, covid, HIV
HAI- acquire illness while in hospital
ex: meningitis, surgical inf, pneumonia, TB MRSA (high rates)
cdiff
HAI parameters
infection occurs up to 48 hrs after admission, up to 3 days after discharge, up to 30 days after operation, in HC facility when pt is admitted for reasons other than infection
step 3: education/screening programs
documenting training, promote disease prevention
as HC is being shifted to outpt settings, is HAI still concerning
yes still need to emphasize hand washing, facilities have limited capacity for oversight and infection control compared to hospitals, prevention span across COC
flowcharts
represents standardized process
use process icons/symbols
square- human actions performed
diamond- must elevate the status of process (yes/no)
circle- analysis skips to another common points of process
oval- end of process
slanted rectangle- must record data
consequences of unexpected infection
financial and emotional cost to pts
national standards for disease prevention overseen by
WHO, CDC, APIC, APHA, JC
managing ID
report to appropriate agencies, management based on infection control plan that is under committee responsibility
weekly reviews of incidence should be performed
what departments in acute care setting would surveillance and tracking of infection be high priority
surgical unit, newborn nurseries, clinical laboratories, dietary services
