Preoperative Pharmacology Flashcards
An unexpected, harmful reaction to a drug.
Adverse raction
A drug that produces a response in the body by binding to a receptor.
Agonist
Drugs that inhibit the growth of or kill bacteria.
Antibiotics
The name of a drug that reflects its molecular structure.
Chemical name
Radiopaque solutions (i.e., not penetrated by X-rays) that are introduced into body cavities & vessels to outline their shape.
Contrast media
Drugs that have the potential for abuse. ____ ____ are rated according to their risk potential; these ratings are called schedules.
Controlled substances
The liquid component of a drug that must be mixed with a powder to form the required drug.
Diluent
A drug that is manufactured & sold under its assigned name.
Generic drug
The time required for one half of a drug to be cleared from the body.
Half-life
Refers to administration of a drug into the spinal canal.
Intrathecal
Refers to administration of a drug by injection.
Parenteral
The movement of a drug through the tissues & cells of the body, including the processes of absorption, distribution, & localization in tissues; biotransformation; & excretion by mechanical & chemical means.
Pharmacokinetics
The period of maximum effect of a drug.
Peak effect
The patented name given to a drug by its manufacturer.
Proprietary name
The name given to a drug by the company that produces & sells it.
Trade name
Refers to administration of a drug by absorption through the skin, such as with ointments or patches impregnated with the drug.
Transdermal
A tablet placed under the tongue is:
sublingual
Epinephrine is commonly used in surgery for ________.
vasoconstriction
During labor, ________ is given to increase the intensity of uterine contractions.
oxytocin
Kilo
1,000
hecto
100
Deca
10
1 liter =
1,000 milliliters
An _________ is a drug that inhibits blood clot formation, but does not dissolve clots.
anticoagulant
A ______ induces blood coagulation.
coagulant
A/An ________ drug is placed between the cheek and gum and is absorbed through the vascular oral mucous membrane.
buccal
Drug that induces vomiting
Emetic
Drug used to induce sleep and in sensibility to pain
hypnotic
Drug used to allay (treat) anxiety or excitement or mental tension may be used to induce unconscious state; exerts a soothing or tranquilizing effect
Sedative
Routes of admistration for drugs
- Oral (PO) enteral
- Parenteral (IV, IM, SC, ID, and intrathecial
- Topical, rectal, vagina, sublingual and buccal
- Inhalation
1 cc for doses of less than 1 ml (Type of syringe)
Turberculin
Calibrated in units up to 100 units (u) (Type of Syringe)
Insulin
Six Rights
- Right patient 2. Right drug 3. Right dose 4. Right route 5. Right time 6. Right label and documentation
Broad spectrum antibiotics may be given IV or used in irrigate wounds when mixed with saline; most common
Examples Kanamycin (Kantrex), gentamicin (Garamycin)
Aminoglycosides
Broad spectrum antibiotics, may be given IV or mixed with saline or lactated ringers solution for irrigation of wounds
Examples Cefazolin (Ancef), cefotetan (Cefotan)
Cephalosporins
Broad spectrum antibiotic; example: Doxycycline (Vibramycin)
Tetracyclines
Interferes with clotting, given IV during vascular surgery, and effects can be reverse prior to closing; can be given in small doses pre/post operatively to prevent formation of blood clots; **reversal agent is procainamide sulfate
Heparin sodium
Used to prevent or delay the clotting of blood; example: Heparin sodium and warfin (Coumadin)
Anticoagulants
Oral anticoagulant that interferes with synthesis of prothrombin in the liver, used to prevent clots, latent period of 24 hours and residual for several days; generally discontinued prior to surgery or treated with its antidote vitamin K (Mephyton, Aqua Mephyton)
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Used to prevent or counteract an allergic reaction example: Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Antihistamines
Used to increase urinary output and control edema and hypertension; use in neurosurgery and ophthalmic surgery examples furosemide and mannitol
Diuretics
Used to enhance visualization of a structure or for marking skin incisions; examples methylene blue, indigo carmine, brilliant green, and gentian violet
Dyes
Used to control bleeding in surgery; examples thrombin, bone wax, absorbable gelatin sponge (Gelfoam), oxidized cellulose (Oxycel, Surgicel), microfibrillar collagen (Avitene), absorbable collagen sponge, and protagonist sulfate
Hemostatic agents (Coagulants)
Given IV to counteract the effects of heparin
Protamine sulfate
Used to promote utilization of glucose to treat diabetes
Insulin
Used to antagonize insulin or treat hypoglycemia
Glucagon
Used to identify abnormal tissue usually iodine based examples: Schiller’s test (uses Lugols solution) and Lugol’s solution for identifying abnormal cervical cells prior to biopsy
Stains
Used to constrict blood vessels to raise blood pressure examples vasopressor (Pitressin) and norepinephrine (Levophed)
Vasopressor
Skeletal muscle relaxant used in treatment of Malignant Hyperthermia
Dantrolene sodium (Dantrium)
Calcium chloride or calcium gluconate, Magnesium sulfate, Potassium chloride, and sodium bicarbonate
Electrolyte replacement
given to combat metabolic acidosis in a cardiac arrest patient (is the chief interstitial (btwn cells) electrolyte and essential in maintaining osmotic pressure)
Sodium bicarbonate
given when plasma is not available; Example Dextran (artificial plasma)
Plasma expanders
may be used for patients in shock to pull water into the intravascular space
Albumin
What is the difference between contrast media, dyes and staining agents?
Dyes are used to mark skin incisions and for visual identification of organ injury or pathology. Staining agents help identify abnormal cells, usually in procedures on the cervix. Staining agents react differently with abnormal cells than they do with normal cells.
How is methylene blue used in tubal dye studies?
To check the patency of the Fallopian tubes
How does Isosulfan blue (Lymphazurin) help the surgeon find the sentinel node?
This blue injection is used to test how well the lymphatic system is working in certain parts of the body. It works by staining the lymph nodes and lymph vessels, such as the sentinel node.
Why is the use of indigo carmine useful in bladder/kidney function tests?
This allows immediate identification of possible leaks or damage to the ureters or bladder, as well as demonstration of kidney function.
This staining agent performs a Schilller’s test on cervical tissue which stains normal cells brown to detect cervical dysplasia.
Lugol’s solution
most commonly used agent in loop diuretics, very useful for intracranial procedures. It decreases pressure by quickly removing fluid that forms from a trauma. thiazide diuretic treats hypertension and chronic edema by inhibiting sodium and chloride from being reabsorbed in the nephron
Furosemide (Lasix)
Which concentration of epinephrine for topical uses only?
1:1000
Papavarine - what is it used for?
used for visceral spasm, vasospasm, (intestines, heart, brain) treatment of erectile dysfunction
It is who’s job to keep track of the amount of medication used during a procedure?
The ST’s
What does freeze dried and powders require to make a solution?
Sterile water or saline
ggts=
drops
what is usually the only enteral route drug administered in the OR?
Bicitra
All drugs eventually make it where?
To the liver.
Most widely used local anesthetic
Lidocaine
Most common IV solution used in surgery
Normal saline (NaCl)
Needle gauge most appropriate for a local infiltration
25 Gauge
Most common complication of diuretic therapy
Hypokalemia
One ml =
1cc
