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PSYCH 223 > Prenatal Development & Birth > Flashcards

Prenatal Development & Birth Flashcards

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1
Q

Heredity

A

the transmission of genetic material from one generation to another

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2
Q

Epigenetics

A

heritable variations in gene expression that do not involve DNA sequence changes

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3
Q

Mutation

A

a sudden or accidental variation in a heritable characteristic that affects the composition of genes

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4
Q

Monozygotic (MZ) Twins

A

twins that derive from a single zygote that was split in two, identical twins

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5
Q

Dizygotic Twins (DZ) Twins

A

twins that derive from two separate zygotes, fraternal twins

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6
Q

Down Syndrome

A

a chromosomal abnormality characterized by intellectual challenges and caused by an extra chromosome on the 21st pair

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7
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

a genetic abnormality in which phenylalanine builds up and causes intellectual challenges

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8
Q

Huntington Disease

A

a fatal genetic neurological disorder whose onset takes place in middle age, it is a dominant trait

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9
Q

Sickle-cell Anemia

A

a genetic disorder that decreases the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen

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10
Q

Tay-Sachs Disease

A

a fatal genetic neurological disorder that causes degeneration and premature birth

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11
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

a fatal genetic disorder in which mucus obstructs the lungs and pancreas

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12
Q

Hemophilia

A

a genetic disorder in which blood does not clot properly

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13
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A

a chronic disease characterized by a progressive wasting away of the muscles

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14
Q

Color Blindness

A

a sex-linked condition that makes it difficult to differentiate various colors

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15
Q

Amniocentesis

A

a procedure for drawing and examining fetal cells sloughed off into amniotic fluid to determine the prescence of various disorders

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16
Q

Chronic Villus Sampling (CVS)

A

a method for prenatal detection of genetic abnormalities that samples the membrane enveloping the amniotic sac and fetus

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17
Q

Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)

A

a blood test that assesses the mothers blood level of the alpha-fetoprotein, a substance that is linked to the fetal neural tube defects

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18
Q

Reaction Range

A

the interaction between nature and nurture

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19
Q

What does infertility look like in women?

A

irregular (or lack of) ovulation

pelvic inflammatory

endometriosis

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20
Q

What does infertility look like in men?

A

low sperm count or lack of sperm

low sperm motility

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21
Q

What is assisted human reproduction?

A

fertility drugs

in vitro fertilization: fertilization occurs outside, zygote then implanted

artificial insemination: direct sperm injection into uterus

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of the first trimester of pregnancy?

A

first 12 weeks, dating ultrasound, morning sickness, 15% of pregnancies end in miscarriage

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of the second trimester of pregnancy?

A

from the 13th to the 24th week, anatomic ultrasound to check if baby is developing correctly, gestational diabetes, begin to feel fetus movement

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of the third trimester of pregnancy?

A

from the 25th week, toxemia: sudden increase in blood pressure that could lead to a stroke

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25
Q

What are the stages of prenatal development?

A

germinal

embryonic

fetal

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26
Q

What is the germinal stage?

A

first two weeks

from conception to implantation

zygote –> blastocyst

cell specialization: placenta, umbilical cord, embryo

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27
Q

What is the embryonic stage?

A

after implantation to the end of week 8

placenta develops and takes charge of hormone production

Y chromosome signals for androgen secretion

organogenesis: foundational structures of organ systems (blastocyst)

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28
Q

What is the fetal stage?

A

beginning of week 9 to the end of gestation

fetus growth

refinements of organ system: become more specialized

13th to 21st week: neuronal proliferation, respond to soundwaves

viability: end the 22nd week is the earliest a baby can be born and survive outside the uterus

32nd to 33rd week: fetus can distinguish between novel and familiar stimuli

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29
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

nervous system, sensory organs, nails, hair, teeth, outer layer of skin

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30
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

digestive and respiratory system, liver, pancreas

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31
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

excretory, reproductory, and circulatory systems, skeleton, muscles, inner layer of skin

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32
Q

What are some autosomal disorders caused by recessive genes?

A

phenylketonuria (PKU)

sickle-cell disease

Tay-Sachs disease

cystic fibrosis

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33
Q

What are some autosomal disorders caused by dominant genes?

A

Huntington’s disease

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34
Q

What are some sex-linked disorders caused by abnormalities on the X chromosome?

A

Red-green color blindness

Hemophilia: blood doesn’t clot normally

Fragile-X chromosome: cognitive and behavioral impairments

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

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35
Q

What are some examples of trisomy disorders?

A

trisomy 21: down syndrome

trisomy 13 and 18: fatal, won’t survive first year

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36
Q

What is Klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

XXY

tall stature, poor beard growth, minor breast development, female pubic hair pattern, testicular atrophy

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37
Q

What is Turner’s syndrome?

A

XO

short stature, webbed neck, shield chest, underdeveloped breasts and widely spread nipples, rudimentary ovaries, nevi

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38
Q

How do viral infections affect prenatal development?

A

rubella: blindness, deafness, heart defects, or brain damage

zika virus: microcephaly, neurological deficits

cytomegalovirus: deafness, CNS damage, intellectual delay

HIV: weakens immune system

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39
Q

How do prescription and over-the-counter drugs affect prenatal development?

A

Thalidomide in the 60s caused a lot of babies were born missing limbs

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40
Q

How does tobacco affect prenatal development?

A

miscarriage, stillborn, premature birth, low-birth weight, neurobehavioral disorders

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41
Q

How does alcohol affect prenatal development?

A

FASD, learning and behavioral difficulties, mental health problems

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42
Q

How does cannabis affect prenatal development?

A

potential neurobiological and neurocognitive risks

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43
Q

How do illicit drugs affect prenatal development?

A

premature birth, miscarriage, early death, withdrawal symptoms

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44
Q

How do maternal characteristics affect prenatal development?

A

nutrition: folic acid, malnutrition, restrictions, fetus does not take what they need

age: over 35 and below 20, premature birth and low birth weight, higher infant mortality rates, chromosomal abnormalities

mental health, Rh incompatibility, chronic illness

45
Q

Conception

A

the union of a sperm cell and an ovum that occurs when the chromosomes of each of these cells combine to form 23 new pairs

46
Q

Endometrium

A

the inner lining of the uterus

47
Q

Spontaneous Abortion

A

unplanned miscarriage of the developing organism

48
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

A

an infection of the abdominal region that may have various causes and may impair fertility

49
Q

Endometriosis

A

inflammation of the endometrial tissue sloughed off into the abdominal cavity rather than out of the body during menstruation, the condition is characterized by abdominal pain and sometimes infertility

50
Q

Donor IVF

A

the transfer of a donor’s ovum, fertilized in a laboratory dish, to the uterus of another women

51
Q

Germinal (Zygotic) Stage

A

the period of development between conception and the implantation of the embryo

52
Q

Blastocyst

A

a cluster of cells that are formed around a cavity of fluid, some of the cells will become the fetus and some will become the placenta

53
Q

Embryonic Disk

A

the plate like inner part of the blastocyst that differentiates into the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm of the embryo

54
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

the stage of prenatal development that lasts from implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy, it is characterized by the development of the major organ systems

55
Q

Neural Tube

A

a hollowed-out area in the blastocyst from which the nervous system develops

56
Q

RH Incompatibility

A

a condition in which antibodies produced by the mother are transmitted to the child, possibly causing brain damage or death

57
Q

Braxton-Hicks Contractions

A

the first, usually painless contractions of childbirth

58
Q

Prostaglandins

A

hormones that stimulate uterine contractions

59
Q

Oxytocin

A

a hormone that stimulates labour contractions

60
Q

Lanugo

A

fine, downy hair on premature babies

61
Q

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A

weak and irregular breathing, typical of preterm babies

62
Q

How does the father’s age affect prenatal development?

A

genetic mutations

autism

schizophrenia

63
Q

What are some methods of fetal assessment?

A

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

amniocentesis

maternal blood and urine tests

fetoscopy

blood test

64
Q

What are different choices a women can make about giving birth?

A

the location of birth: hospital, birth center, mother’s home

midwives

drugs during labor and delivery: analgesics, sedatives, tranquilizers, anesthesia, baby receives the medication too through the placenta

65
Q

What is stage one of giving birth?

A

getting ready to push

dilation and effacement (latent phase): 1 to 3 cm

active phase: 3 to 4 cm

transition: 8 to 10 cm

66
Q

What is stage two of giving birth?

A

pushing baby

mother starts to push

baby passes through birth canal

67
Q

What is stage three of giving birth?

A

pushing placenta

delivery of placenta (afterbirth)

68
Q

What are some birth complications that can occur?

A

fetal distress, anoxia, hypoxia

breeching

mother health issues

what to do?: episiotomy, vacuum suction, forceps, caesarean delivery

69
Q

After how many weeks is the baby said to be term, pre-term, or post-term?

A

38 to 40 weeks: term

at or before 37 weeks: pre-term

after 42 weeks: post-term

70
Q

What is considered to be a low birth weight?

A

low birth weight: below 2.5 kg

very low birth weight: below 1.5 kg

71
Q

What is the Apgar Scale?

A

7 or above: good condition

4-7: need help breathing

3 or below: critical condition

72
Q

What is the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale?

A

neurobehavioral responses

more detailed assessment, response to stimuli

73
Q

What the baby look like after being born?

A

battered cone-head appearance

eyelids might be puffy

skin covered in vernix

body covered in lanugo-dark fuzz

blood and other fluids might remain on body parts

74
Q

What are the reflexes a baby is born with?

A

sucking reflex
rooting reflex
moro reflex
grasping reflex
stepping reflex
babinski reflex
tonic-neck reflex

75
Q

What are a new-born baby’s vision capabilities?

A

nearsighted, 18-23 cm

little to no visual accommodation

76
Q

What are a new-born baby’s hearing capabilities?

A

myelination not complete

react to familiar sounds

77
Q

What are a new-born baby’s smelling capabilities?

A

turn away from unpleasant smells

78
Q

What are a new-born baby’s tasting capabilities?

A

preference for breast milk and sweet solutions

79
Q

What are a new-born baby’s touching capabilities?

A

most advances of all the senses at birth

important for brain development

80
Q

Mitosis

A

the form of cell division in which each chromosome splits lengthwise to double in number, half of each chromosome combines with chemicals to retake its original form and then moves to the new cell

81
Q

Meiosis

A

the form of cell division in which each pair of chromosomes splits so that one member of each pair moves to the new cell, as a result each new cell has 23 chromosomes

82
Q

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)

A

the term for any medical assistance provided that enables conception to take place

83
Q

Cephalocaudal Development

A

from head to tail

84
Q

Proximodistal Development

A

from the inner part (or axis) of the body outward

85
Q

Endoderm

A

the inner layer of the embryo from which the lungs and digestive system develops

86
Q

Mesoderm

A

the central layer of the embryo from which the bones and muscles develop

87
Q

Fetal Stage

A

the stage of development that lasts from the beginning of the ninth week of pregnancy through birth, it is characterized by gains in size and weight and by maturation of the organ systems

88
Q

Teratogens

A

environmental influences or agents that can damage the embryo or fetus

89
Q

Toxemia

A

a life-threatening disease that can affect pregnant women, characterized by high blood pressure

90
Q

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

A

a cluster of symptoms shown by children of women who consumed alcohol during pregnancy, including characteristic facial features and intellectual challenges, a spectrum disorder indicates not only a range of linked conditions but also a continuum of mild to more severe symptoms

91
Q

Accutane (Isotretinoin)

A

a frequently prescribed acne medication that can cause significant physical and neurological birth defects

92
Q

Progestin

A

a hormone used to maintain pregnancy that can cause masculinization of the fetus

93
Q

Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

A

an estrogen that has been linked to cancer in the reproductive organs of children whose mothers used the hormone when pregnant

94
Q

Rubella

A

a viral infection that can cause retardation and heart disease in the embryo, also called German measles

95
Q

Midwife

A

an individual who cares for women during pregnancy, labour, and delivery, and after the child is born

96
Q

Anoxia

A

absence of oxygen

97
Q

Hypoxia

A

less oxygen than required

98
Q

Postpartum Depression (PPD)

A

serious maternal depression following delivery, characterized by sadness, apathy, and feelings of worthlessness

99
Q

Bonding

A

formation of parent-infant attachment

100
Q

Apgar Scale

A

a measure of newborn’s health that assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity level, and respiratory effort

101
Q

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

A

a measure of a newborn’s motor behavior, response to stress, adaptive behavior, and control over physiological state

102
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

the response of turning the mouth and head toward the stroking of cheek or the corner of the mouth

103
Q

Moro Reflex

A

the response of arching the back, flinging out the arms and legs, and drawing them back to the chest in response to a sudden change in position

104
Q

Grasping Reflex

A

the response of grasping objects that touch the palms

105
Q

Stepping Reflex

A

the response of taking steps when held under the arms and leaned forward so the feet press the ground

106
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

the response of fanning the toes when the soles of the feet are stroked

107
Q

Tonic-Neck Reflex

A

the response of turning the head to one side, extending the arm and leg on that side, and flexing the the limbs on the opposite side

108
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

A

the death, while sleeping, of apparently healthy babies who stop breathing

109
Q

Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS)

A

the violent shaking of an infant, often to stop the infant from crying

PSYCH 223 (10 decks)

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