Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH 223 > Basic Concepts & Methods > Flashcards

Basic Concepts & Methods Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

the biological, psychological, and socio-cultural study of human change across the lifespan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Behaviorism

A

Watson’s view that science must study observable behavior only and investigate relationships between stimuli and responses, believed in “nurture” and importance of environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Maturation

A

the unfolding of genetically determined traits, structures and functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Psychosexual Development

A

the process by which libidinal energy is expressed through different erogenous zones during difficult stages of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Stage Theory

A

a theory of development characterized by distinct periods in life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Defense Mechanism

A

a method to reduce anxiety when the id and superego are too demanding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Oedipal Complex

A

the rivalry between a boy and his father for his mother’s love

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Electra Complex

A

the rivalry between a girl and her mother for her father’s love

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Psychosocial Development

A

Erikson’s Theory, which emphasizes the importance of social relationships and conscious choice throughout eight stages of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Life Crisis

A

an internal conflict that attends each stage of psychosocial development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Identity Crisis

A

according to Erikson, a period of inner conflict during which individuals examine their values and make decisions about their life roles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

a simple form of learning in which stimulus comes to bring forth the response usually brought forth by a second stimulus as a result of being paired repeatedly with the second stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

a simple form of learning in which an organism learns engage in behavior that is reinforced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Reinforcement

A

the process of providing stimuli following responses in an effort to increase the frequency of the responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Positive Reinforcer

A

when applied, increases the frequency of a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Negative Reinforcer

A

when removed, increases the frequency of a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Punishment

A

aversive vents that suppresses or decreases the frequency of the behavior they follow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Extinction

A

the cessation of a response that is the result of the absence of reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

a cognitively oriented learning theory that emphasizes observational learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cognitive Development Theory

A

the stage theory that suggests that children’s abilities to mentally represent the world and solve problems are a result of the interaction of experience and the maturation of neurological structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Schema

A

an action pattern or mental structure involved in the acquisition and organization of knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Adaptation

A

the interaction between the organism and the environment, consisting of assimilation and accommodation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Assimilation

A

the incorporation of new events or knowledge into existing schemas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Accomodation

A

the modification of existing schemas to permit the incorporation of new events or knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Equilibration

A

the creation of an equilibrium, or balance between assimilation and accommodation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Ethology

A

the study of behavior specific to a species from the evolutionary perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)

A

a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is evoked by a “releasing stimulus”, an instinct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ecology

A

a branch of biology that studies the relationships between living organisms and their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Ecological Systems Theory

A

the view that explains child development in terms of the reciprocal influences between children and their environmental settings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Microsystem

A

the immediate settings with which the child interacts, such as the home, the school, and peers

31
Q

Mesosystem

A

the interlocking settings that influence the child, such as the interaction of the school and the larger community

32
Q

Exosystem

A

community institutions and settings that indirectly influence the child, such as the school board and parent’s workplaces

33
Q

Macrosystem

A

the basic insinuations and ideologies that influence the child

34
Q

Chronosystem

A

the environmental changes that occur over time and have an effect on the child

35
Q

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

A

Vygotsky’s term for the range of tasks a child can carry out with the help of someone who is more skilled

36
Q

Scaffolding

A

Vygotsky’s term for temporary cognitive structures or methods of solving problems that help children as they learn to function independently

37
Q

What were perspectives of development in the 4th century?

A

original sin, children are sinful, lots of discipline to correct

38
Q

What were perspectives of development in the 17th century?

A

fewer extended families, nuclear family, blank state, John Locke, experiences mold us

39
Q

What were perspectives of development in the 18th century?

A

nurture, care, protect, to preserve goodness, innate goodness, Jean-Jacques Rousseau

40
Q

What were perspectives of development in the 19th/20th century?

A

baby biographies

Charles Darwin: to help understand how over species evolved

Stanley Hall: understand what normal development looks like

Arnold Gesell: thought development was maturation, environment has no effect

Jean Piaget: documented everything about his kids

41
Q

What are some terms of contemporary human development?

A

lifespan perspective

domains of development

nature vs. nurture

active vs. passive roles

discontinuity and continuity

age-related changes

critical period and sensitive periods

42
Q

What is the lifespan perspective?

A

humans can change in response to their environment throughout their whole lifespan

studies change, stability, growth, decline

Baltes: plasticity (capacity for positive change)

life-force

43
Q

What are the domains of development?

A

physical: body’s makeup

cognitive: learning, memory, intelligence, problem solving

socio-emotional: interaction with others, what makes you unique

44
Q

Why study development?

A

describe

explain and predict (theories, hypothesis)

influence

45
Q

What are descriptive methods of research?

A

case studies: document everything about one person

naturalistic observation (observer bias)

surveys

46
Q

What are correlational methods of research?

A

-1.00 to +1.00

do not indicate causal relationships

47
Q

What are experimental methods of research?

A

random assignment to experimental and control groups

independent and dependent variable

48
Q

Nature

A

the processes within an organism that guide it to develop according to its genetic code

49
Q

Nurture

A

environmental factors that influence development

50
Q

Empirical

A

based on observation and experimentation

51
Q

Case Study

A

a carefully written account of the behavior of an individual

52
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

a number ranging from -1.00 and +1.00 that expresses the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables

53
Q

Positive Correlation

A

a relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other increases

54
Q

Negative Correlation

A

a relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases

55
Q

Experiment

A

a method of scientific investigation that seeks to discover cause-and-effect relationships by introducing independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables

56
Q

Independent Variable

A

a condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that it’s effects can be observed

57
Q

Dependent Variable

A

a measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable

58
Q

Longitudinal Research

A

the study of development processes by takin repeated measures of the same group of participants at various stages of development

59
Q

Cross-Sectional Research

A

the study of developmental processes by taking measures of participants of different age groups at the same time

60
Q

Cohort Effect

A

similarities in behavior among a group of peers as a result of being approximately the same age

61
Q

What are cross-sectional designs?

A

does not tell consistency of individual changes

cohort effects: cultural and historical differences between generations

groups of different ages compared to each other

doesn’t tell us why differences occur

62
Q

What are longitudinal designs?

A

follow same person over several years

cannot generalize results to population at end of study

time consuming

attrition bias: leave, they cannot guarantee they left randomly

practice effects: might increase because you practice and get good at the test

63
Q

What are sequential designs?

A

the best of two worlds

compare groups of people of different cohorts a similar ages to control for confounds

64
Q

What are cross-cultural designs?

A

universal changes: at what age babies walk and talk

cultural differences: in Western cultures first words are nouns (ball, mom) in Eastern cultures they are more social words (hi, goodbye)

65
Q

What are the principles of research ethics?

A

respect for individual: protection from harm, informed consent, knowledge of results

respect for care: risk/benefits analysis

integrity in relationship: confidentiality, lack of bias, deception

responsibility to society: beneficial research

66
Q

What is Freud’s Psychosexual Theory?

A

unconscious (inner) force determines personality and behavior

id, ego, and superego

discontinuous psychosexual stages of development

fixation on a stage: unmet needs, didn’t get what you want or got too much

never studied children, only adults, majority male

67
Q

What are the psychosexual stages of development?

A

Oral: babies suck on things

Anal: toilet training

Phallic: starting to have sexual desires (love your mom)

Latency: repress everything into unconscious

Genital: express feelings (not to parents) to someone else

68
Q

What are the stages of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?

A
  1. Infancy: trust vs. mistrust (feeding)
  2. Early Childhood: autonomy vs. shame and doubt (toilet training)
  3. Preschool: initiative vs. guilt (exploration)
  4. School Age: industry vs. inferiority (school)
  5. Adolescence: identity vs. role confusion (social relationships)
  6. Young Adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation (relationships)
  7. Middle Adulthood: generativity vs. stagnation (work and parenthood)
  8. Maturity: ego integrity vs. despair (life review)
69
Q

What is the humanistic perspective?

A

Maslow: deficiency motives are to maintain physical or emotion balance, being motives are to achieve self-actualization

Rodgers: personal growth, actualizing tendency, ideal self and perceived self need to overlap, more overlap means less anxiety

70
Q

What are the theories of the learning perspective?

A

Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory

Piaget’s Constructivist Theory

Information Processing

71
Q

What is Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory?

A

reinforcement: increases the behavior

punishment: decreases the behavior

72
Q

What is Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory?

A

observational learning (modelling): see other people get punished/reinforced

reciprocal determinism: cognition (interest in soccer) –> environment (joins soccer team) –> behavioral (spends time with soccer team)

self-efficiency

73
Q

What is Piaget’s Constructivist Theory?

A

schemes

equilibrium: assimilation plus accommodation

4 main stages (fixed sequence): sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational

74
Q

What is information processing?

A

computer metaphor

memory processes: encoding, storage, retrival

PSYCH 223 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions