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Basic Concepts & Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

the biological, psychological, and socio-cultural study of human change across the lifespan

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2
Q

Behaviorism

A

Watson’s view that science must study observable behavior only and investigate relationships between stimuli and responses, believed in “nurture” and importance of environments

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3
Q

Maturation

A

the unfolding of genetically determined traits, structures and functions

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4
Q

Psychosexual Development

A

the process by which libidinal energy is expressed through different erogenous zones during difficult stages of development

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5
Q

Stage Theory

A

a theory of development characterized by distinct periods in life

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6
Q

Defense Mechanism

A

a method to reduce anxiety when the id and superego are too demanding

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7
Q

Oedipal Complex

A

the rivalry between a boy and his father for his mother’s love

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8
Q

Electra Complex

A

the rivalry between a girl and her mother for her father’s love

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9
Q

Psychosocial Development

A

Erikson’s Theory, which emphasizes the importance of social relationships and conscious choice throughout eight stages of development

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10
Q

Life Crisis

A

an internal conflict that attends each stage of psychosocial development

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11
Q

Identity Crisis

A

according to Erikson, a period of inner conflict during which individuals examine their values and make decisions about their life roles

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12
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

a simple form of learning in which stimulus comes to bring forth the response usually brought forth by a second stimulus as a result of being paired repeatedly with the second stimulus

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13
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

a simple form of learning in which an organism learns engage in behavior that is reinforced

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14
Q

Reinforcement

A

the process of providing stimuli following responses in an effort to increase the frequency of the responses

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15
Q

Positive Reinforcer

A

when applied, increases the frequency of a response

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16
Q

Negative Reinforcer

A

when removed, increases the frequency of a response

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17
Q

Punishment

A

aversive vents that suppresses or decreases the frequency of the behavior they follow

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18
Q

Extinction

A

the cessation of a response that is the result of the absence of reinforcement

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19
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

a cognitively oriented learning theory that emphasizes observational learning

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20
Q

Cognitive Development Theory

A

the stage theory that suggests that children’s abilities to mentally represent the world and solve problems are a result of the interaction of experience and the maturation of neurological structures

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21
Q

Schema

A

an action pattern or mental structure involved in the acquisition and organization of knowledge

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22
Q

Adaptation

A

the interaction between the organism and the environment, consisting of assimilation and accommodation

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23
Q

Assimilation

A

the incorporation of new events or knowledge into existing schemas

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24
Q

Accomodation

A

the modification of existing schemas to permit the incorporation of new events or knowledge

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25
Equilibration
the creation of an equilibrium, or balance between assimilation and accommodation
26
Ethology
the study of behavior specific to a species from the evolutionary perspective
27
Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)
a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is evoked by a "releasing stimulus", an instinct
28
Ecology
a branch of biology that studies the relationships between living organisms and their environment
29
Ecological Systems Theory
the view that explains child development in terms of the reciprocal influences between children and their environmental settings
30
Microsystem
the immediate settings with which the child interacts, such as the home, the school, and peers
31
Mesosystem
the interlocking settings that influence the child, such as the interaction of the school and the larger community
32
Exosystem
community institutions and settings that indirectly influence the child, such as the school board and parent's workplaces
33
Macrosystem
the basic insinuations and ideologies that influence the child
34
Chronosystem
the environmental changes that occur over time and have an effect on the child
35
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Vygotsky's term for the range of tasks a child can carry out with the help of someone who is more skilled
36
Scaffolding
Vygotsky's term for temporary cognitive structures or methods of solving problems that help children as they learn to function independently
37
What were perspectives of development in the 4th century?
original sin, children are sinful, lots of discipline to correct
38
What were perspectives of development in the 17th century?
fewer extended families, nuclear family, blank state, John Locke, experiences mold us
39
What were perspectives of development in the 18th century?
nurture, care, protect, to preserve goodness, innate goodness, Jean-Jacques Rousseau
40
What were perspectives of development in the 19th/20th century?
baby biographies Charles Darwin: to help understand how over species evolved Stanley Hall: understand what normal development looks like Arnold Gesell: thought development was maturation, environment has no effect Jean Piaget: documented everything about his kids
41
What are some terms of contemporary human development?
lifespan perspective domains of development nature vs. nurture active vs. passive roles discontinuity and continuity age-related changes critical period and sensitive periods
42
What is the lifespan perspective?
humans can change in response to their environment throughout their whole lifespan studies change, stability, growth, decline Baltes: plasticity (capacity for positive change) life-force
43
What are the domains of development?
physical: body's makeup cognitive: learning, memory, intelligence, problem solving socio-emotional: interaction with others, what makes you unique
44
Why study development?
describe explain and predict (theories, hypothesis) influence
45
What are descriptive methods of research?
case studies: document everything about one person naturalistic observation (observer bias) surveys
46
What are correlational methods of research?
-1.00 to +1.00 do not indicate causal relationships
47
What are experimental methods of research?
random assignment to experimental and control groups independent and dependent variable
48
Nature
the processes within an organism that guide it to develop according to its genetic code
49
Nurture
environmental factors that influence development
50
Empirical
based on observation and experimentation
51
Case Study
a carefully written account of the behavior of an individual
52
Correlation Coefficient
a number ranging from -1.00 and +1.00 that expresses the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables
53
Positive Correlation
a relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other increases
54
Negative Correlation
a relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases
55
Experiment
a method of scientific investigation that seeks to discover cause-and-effect relationships by introducing independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables
56
Independent Variable
a condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that it's effects can be observed
57
Dependent Variable
a measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable
58
Longitudinal Research
the study of development processes by takin repeated measures of the same group of participants at various stages of development
59
Cross-Sectional Research
the study of developmental processes by taking measures of participants of different age groups at the same time
60
Cohort Effect
similarities in behavior among a group of peers as a result of being approximately the same age
61
What are cross-sectional designs?
does not tell consistency of individual changes cohort effects: cultural and historical differences between generations groups of different ages compared to each other doesn't tell us why differences occur
62
What are longitudinal designs?
follow same person over several years cannot generalize results to population at end of study time consuming attrition bias: leave, they cannot guarantee they left randomly practice effects: might increase because you practice and get good at the test
63
What are sequential designs?
the best of two worlds compare groups of people of different cohorts a similar ages to control for confounds
64
What are cross-cultural designs?
universal changes: at what age babies walk and talk cultural differences: in Western cultures first words are nouns (ball, mom) in Eastern cultures they are more social words (hi, goodbye)
65
What are the principles of research ethics?
respect for individual: protection from harm, informed consent, knowledge of results respect for care: risk/benefits analysis integrity in relationship: confidentiality, lack of bias, deception responsibility to society: beneficial research
66
What is Freud's Psychosexual Theory?
unconscious (inner) force determines personality and behavior id, ego, and superego discontinuous psychosexual stages of development fixation on a stage: unmet needs, didn't get what you want or got too much never studied children, only adults, majority male
67
What are the psychosexual stages of development?
Oral: babies suck on things Anal: toilet training Phallic: starting to have sexual desires (love your mom) Latency: repress everything into unconscious Genital: express feelings (not to parents) to someone else
68
What are the stages of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory?
1. Infancy: trust vs. mistrust (feeding) 2. Early Childhood: autonomy vs. shame and doubt (toilet training) 3. Preschool: initiative vs. guilt (exploration) 4. School Age: industry vs. inferiority (school) 5. Adolescence: identity vs. role confusion (social relationships) 6. Young Adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation (relationships) 7. Middle Adulthood: generativity vs. stagnation (work and parenthood) 8. Maturity: ego integrity vs. despair (life review)
69
What is the humanistic perspective?
Maslow: deficiency motives are to maintain physical or emotion balance, being motives are to achieve self-actualization Rodgers: personal growth, actualizing tendency, ideal self and perceived self need to overlap, more overlap means less anxiety
70
What are the theories of the learning perspective?
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning Skinner's Operant Conditioning Bandura's Social-Cognitive Theory Piaget's Constructivist Theory Information Processing
71
What is Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory?
reinforcement: increases the behavior punishment: decreases the behavior
72
What is Bandura's Social-Cognitive Theory?
observational learning (modelling): see other people get punished/reinforced reciprocal determinism: cognition (interest in soccer) --> environment (joins soccer team) --> behavioral (spends time with soccer team) self-efficiency
73
What is Piaget's Constructivist Theory?
schemes equilibrium: assimilation plus accommodation 4 main stages (fixed sequence): sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational
74
What is information processing?
computer metaphor memory processes: encoding, storage, retrival

PSYCH 223 (10 decks)

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