Early Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

the thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain

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2
Q

Plasticity

A

the tendency of new parts of the brain to take up the functions of injured parts

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3
Q

Gross Motor Skills

A

skills employing the large muscles used in locomotion

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4
Q

Fine Motor Skills

A

skills employing the large muscles used in manipulation, such as those in the fingers

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5
Q

Nightmares

A

dreams of disturbing and vivid content

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6
Q

Sleep Terrors

A

frightening dreamlike experiences that occur during the deepest stage of non-REM sleep, shortly after the child has gone to sleep

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7
Q

Somnambulism

A

sleepwalking

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8
Q

Enuresis

A

failure to control the bladder (urination) once the normal age for control has been reached

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9
Q

Bed-Wetting

A

failure to control the bladder during the night

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10
Q

Encopresis

A

failure to control the bowels once the normal age for bowel control has been reached, also called soiling

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11
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

Piaget’s second stage of development, characterized by inflexible and irreversible mental manipulation of symbols

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12
Q

Symbolic Play

A

play in which children make believe that objects and toys are other than what they are, also called pretend play

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13
Q

Egocentrism

A

putting oneself at the center of things such that one is unable to perceive the world from another person’s point of view

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14
Q

Precausal

A

a type of thought in which natural cause-and-effect relationships are attributed to will and other preoperational concepts

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15
Q

Transductive Reasoning

A

faulty reasoning that links one specific isolated event to another specific isolated event

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16
Q

Animism

A

the attribution of life and intentionality to inanimate objects

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17
Q

Conservation

A

in cognitive psychology, the principle that properties of substances such as weight and mass remain the same (are conserved) when superficial characteristics such as their shapes or arrangement are changed

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18
Q

Theory of Mind

A

the understanding that people are mental beings who have their own mental states, including thoughts, wishes, feelings that differ from our own

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19
Q

Appearance-Reality Distinction

A

the difference between real events on the one hand and mental events, fantasies and misleading appearances on the other hand

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20
Q

Scripts

A

abstract, generalized accounts of familiar repeated events

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21
Q

Autobiographical Memory

A

the memory of specific episodes or events

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22
Q

Rehearsal

A

a strategy that uses repetition to remember information

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23
Q

Fast-Mapping

A

a process of quickly determining a word’s meaning, which facilitates children’s vocabulary development

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24
Q

Overregularization

A

the application of regular grammatical rules for forming inflections to irregular verbs and nouns

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25
Pragmatics
the practical aspects of communication, such as adaptation of language to fit the social situation
26
Inner Speech
Vygotsky's concept of the ultimate binding of language and thought, inner speech originates in vocalizations that may regulate the child's behavior and become internalized by age 6 or 7
27
What is growth in early childhood?
decelerate when compared to infancy about 5 to 8 cm and 2 to 3 kg per year less round and more slender body proportions are more similar to those of adults muscle size increases and bones become more sturdier sense organs continue to develop
28
What is nutrition for kids in early childhood?
need less food let the child decide how much to eat obesity/overweight: 1/3 at risk, 14% are overweight, 6% are obese why: watching tv, spending less time outside playing, sugary drinks what to do: drink more water, have meals as a family iron deficiency parents as role models
29
What is brain development in early childhood?
corpus callosum becomes considerably thicker lateralization and specialization becomes more pronounced (can lose brain function, but still high plasticity) myelination of reticular formation and hippocampus (related to attention/concentration and long term memory improvements) growth in the nerves connecting the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex (related to advances in preschooler's motor skills) brain growth spurts are linked to advances in cognitive skills (causality/directionality)
30
What are fine motor skills in early childhood?
small muscles, hands and wrists handedness becomes well established right vs. left, show preference by 1 year, lefties might have trouble with language (dyslexia)
31
What are the drawing stages in early childhood?
Scribbles: up to 30 months, don't have much coordination Single Units: 30 to 46 months, lift pencil after they are done with the shape, one line Differentiated Figures: 46 months to 7 years, go back and add on to the shape Integrated Whole: 7+ years, more realistic and easy to understand what the drawing is
32
What is sleep in early childhood?
between 10 and 13 hours nightmares (light sleep) sleep terrors and sleepwalking: deep sleep (non REM), wanes with age, brain gets more mature, incidence drops with age
33
What are some disorders in toilet training?
enuresis: failure to control bladder, twice a week, after 5, bed wetting, maturity of the bladder encopresis: failure to control bowels, physical and psychological causes (stress) both are more common in boys
34
What are some major illnesses in early childhood?
advances in immunization and medication, in developing countries 8 to 9 million die every year, pneumonia, diarrhea, measles, tetanus, whopping cough, tuberculosis accidents are the leading cause of death in Canadian children, high levels of energy combined with curiosity and lack of judgement, but single most common cause of death is by motor vehicles accidents second-hand smoke: ear infections, asthma, cough, lung infections, SIDS
35
What are adverse childhood experiences?
patterns of adversity: neglect, exposure to intimate partner violence, physical abuse, emotional maltreatment, sexual abuse risk factors: sociocultural factors, characteristic of the child, characteristics of the abuser, household stress outcomes: exposure effect, intergenerational risk, high level of stress hormones preventive measures: education and identification of families at risk, report of suspect neglect and abuse
36
What is Piaget's Preoperational Stage?
operations: organized, formal, logical mental processes symbolic function: pretend play, imaginary friends (first or only child), not able to do operations egocentrism: speech and thought, fail perspective-taking activities, can't understand how people can have a different perspective then them centration: no conservation or transformation, one variable at a time, irreversibility, appearance equal reality, do not understand class inclusion precausal thought: transductive reasoning, animism, artificialism critiques: researchers think that children can do more than Piaget thought
37
What is the relationship between play and cognitive development?
1 to 2 years: first pretend play, pretend to drink tea from cup 2 years: constructive play, building blocks 2 to 3 years: substitute play, more advanced pretend play 4 years: sociodramatic play, pretend they are someone else 5 to 6 years: rule-governed play, board games
38
What is theory of mind?
understand the link between thinking or feeling and behavior by age 3 understands that people have different mental states by age 4 or 5 false belief tasks, needs a basic language skill (like words such as want, think, feel, remember), understands that different senses give you different kinds of info understands that people have mental states about their own mental states by age 6
39
What is memory in early childhood?
age differences in cognitive development as a function of changes in children's capacity and use of their working memory organized in scripts susceptible to suggestions autobiographical: low accuracy but facilitated by talking to others
40
What is the processing of numbers in early childhood?
if given a set of items children will: assign one number to each items, count every number only once, show some consistency impact of language on numeracy impact of indirect numeracy activities at home
41
Authoritative
a child-rearing style in which parents are restrictive and demanding yet communicative and warm
42
Authoritarian
a child-rearing style in which parents demand submission and obedience
43
Permissive-Indulgent
a child-rearing style in which parents demand submission and obedience
44
Rejecting-Neglecting
a child-rearing style in which parents are warm and not restrictive
45
Rejecting-Neglecting
a child-rearing style in which parents are neither restrictive and controlling nor supportive and responsible
46
Inductive
parenting technique based on an attempt to foster understanding of the principles behind parental demands, characteristic of disciplinary methods such as reasoning
47
Regression
a return to behavior characteristic of earlier stages of development
48
Dramatic Play
play in which children enact social roles
49
Disinhibit
stimulate a response that has been suppressed by showing a model engaging in that behavior
50
Categorical Self
the definitions of the self that refer to external traits
51
Gender Role Socialization
learning to acquire clusters of traits and behaviors that are considered stereotypical of females and males
52
Gender Identity
a person's innate, deeply felt sense of being male or female (sometimes even both or neither)
53
Gender Stability
the concept that one's sex is unchanging
54
Gender Constancy
the concept that one's sex remains the same despite changes in appearance or behavior
55
Gender-Schema Theory
the view that society's gender-based concepts shape our assumptions of gender-typed preferences and behavioral patterns
56
Gender-Neutral Parenting (GNP)
the decision not to assign a specific gender to children based on their biological sex
57
What is Vygotsky Sociocultural Theory?
social interaction is the key to development, scaffolding, zone of proximal development internalization of the ways of thinking primitive stage: learn through conditioning naïve psychological stage: use language to communicate egocentric (private) speech stage: symbolic function of language, repeating dialogues they've heard before, not just talking to themselves ingrowth stage: internalization of speech routines, private discourse to inner discourse, inter-mental to intra-mental
58
What is language development in early childhood?
Piaget: thought comes first Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: language determines thought Vygotsky: interactionist perspective, private speech becomes inner speech social approach and usage-based approach: we learn language by using it
59
What is language development from 2 to 3 years?
one word utterances combinations "ball table" or "table ball" pivot schemes "__ gone" or "gone __" item-based constructions, "I gained apples", but not "I liked apples" not able to generalize
60
What is language development from 3 to 6 years?
fast mapping: 9 new words per day, categorical nature of words (explains fast mapping) grammar explosion: inflections, negative and questions, overgeneralization, complex sentences, two verbs in one sentence phonological awareness: nursery rhyme, related to rate of literacy pragmatics: please, thank you, social norms importance of reading experiences: more books correlated with better language development
61
What is early childhood education?
environment enrichment can enhance the cognitive development of economically disadvantaged children
62
What is screen time?
Canadian pediatric society: less than 1 hour per day consider educational programming: improvements on same cognitive skills
63
What are some problems with screen time?
preschoolers might not be able to process and understand the content struggle to separate reality and fantasy the more screen time, the less time is spent in physical activity and social interaction less time for family interaction
64
What is Erikson's psychological development regarding autonomy versus shame and doubt (will)?
19 months to 3 years demand for more choices physical and self-care (e.g. toileting) skills independence/autonomy if allowed freedom to explore shame/self-doubt if restricted and overprotected
65
What is Erikson's psychological development regarding initiative versus guilt (purpose)?
4 to 6 years organize activities around same goal conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action
66
What is the social-cognitive perspective on development in early childhood?
person perception: ability to classify others (nice, grumpy, etc.), judgements are inconsistent (nice today, mean tomorrow) understanding rule categories: differentiate violations of social conventions and moral rules, taking a toy is more serious than forgetting to say thank you understanding others' intentions: differentiate between intentional and unintentional wrongdoing, but take outcomes into account too
67
What are child-rearing characteristics?
warm-cold dimension: affectionate, caring, supportive, communicative, related to a child's social and emotional well-being restrictive-permissive dimension: standards, rules
68
What are characteristics of children raised in an authoritative household?
independent high self-confidence high social competence high activity levels high exploratory behaviors
69
What are characteristics of children raised in an authoritarian household?
dependent (girls) low self-confidence low social competence defiant (boys) anxious
70
What are characteristics of children raised in an permissive indulgent household?
irresponsible self confidence social competence misconduct substance abuse
71
What are characteristics of children raised in an rejecting/neglecting household?
detached low self-confidence low social competence misconduct substance abuse
72
What is the impact of family structure on children's development?
children's development is more impacted by how parents interact with them than by the family structure (married, lone, same sex, skip generation, etc.)
73
How does divorce impact a child's development?
children might lose sense of security children might think they are the cause of separation children may think they have to take sides children's routines are disrupted children might show: behavioral issues, academic and social difficulties, emotional distress
74
What are the positive aspects of siblings?
cooperation, teaching, nurturance social competence, self identity
75
What are the negative aspects of siblings?
conflicts, control, competition regression to baby-like behaviors
76
What are some characteristics of first born children?
more motivated to achieve more cooperative more anxious less self-reliant more popular with peers
77
What are peer relationships in early childhood?
preference for same sex and same age playmate develops solitary play: playing alone parallel play (18 months): playing side by side with different toys associative play (24 moths): playing alone plus short-lived spontaneous social interactions cooperative play (3 to 4 years): children work together to achieve a goal, can be constructive or symbolic
78
What kind of toys are best for children in early childhood?
the more things the toy does, the less imaginative the simpler the toy the better
79
What is aggression in early childhood?
frequently instrumental or object orientated nature vs. nurture: testosterone, Bandura's study media influences: observational learning, disinhibition, increased arousal, priming of aggressive thoughts and memory, habituation
80
What is prosocial behavior?
empathic behaviors: become evident around 2 to 3 years, related to altruism (do something without expecting anything in return) perspective taking: related to more prosocial behaviors and less aggressive behaviors parenting: reasoning with child is related to prosocial behavior
81
How does personality develop in early childhood?
from temperament to personality development combination of factors: temperament, opportunity to learn from previous behavior, social and cultural context, parenting style fears: develops when they observe other people's fear, peak between 2.5 and 4 years, noise, insects, imaginary creatures, dark
82
What is categorical self in early childhood?
very concrete based on visible characteristics
83
What is emotional self in early childhood?
better vocabulary, better explanations of emotions emotional regulation, shifts slowly from parents to children, understanding of relational emotions empathy awareness of emotional states, linked to their cultural definition of right and wrong, moral emotions (guilt, shame, pride)
84
What is the social self in early childhood?
social scripts (fosters independence) place in family network