Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

Puberty

A

the biological stage development characterized by physiological and cognitive changes that are associated with reproduction

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2
Q

Feedback Loop

A

a system in which glands regulate each other’s functioning through a series of hormonal messages

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3
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

the structures that make reproduction possible

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4
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

physical indicators of sexual maturation, such as changes to the voice and growth of body hair, that do not directly involve reproductive structures

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5
Q

Asynchronous Growth

A

imbalanced growth, such as the growth that occurs during the early part of adolescence and causes many adolescents to appear gawky

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6
Q

Secular Trend

A

a historical trend toward increasing adult height and earlier puberty

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7
Q

Semen

A

the fluid that contains sperms and substances that nourish and help transport sperm

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8
Q

Nocturnal Emission

A

emission of seminal fluid while asleep

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9
Q

Gynecomastia

A

enlargement of breast tissue in males

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10
Q

Epiphyseal Closure

A

the process by which the cartilage that separates the long end of a bone from the main part of the bone turns to bone

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11
Q

Menarche

A

the onset of menstruation

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12
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by irrational fear of weight gain, distorted body image, and severe weight loss

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13
Q

Osteoporosis

A

a condition involving progressive loss of bone tissue

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14
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by cycles of binge eating and vomiting as a means of controlling weight gain

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15
Q

Formal Operations

A

the fourth stage in Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, characterized by the capacity of for flexible, reversible operations concerning abstract ideas and concepts, such as symbols, statements and theories

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16
Q

Imaginary Audience

A

the belief that others around us are as concerned with our thoughts, appearance and behaviors as we are, one aspect of adolescent egocentrism

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17
Q

Personal Fable

A

the belief that our feelings and ideas are special and unique and that we are invulnerable, one aspect of adolescent egocentrism

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18
Q

Postconventional Level

A

according to Kohlberg, a period of during which moral judgements are derived from moral principles and people look to themselves to set moral standards

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19
Q

Ego Identity

A

according to Erikson, individual’s sense of who they are and what they stand for

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20
Q

Psychological Moratorium

A

a time-out period when adolescents experiment with different roles, values, beliefs and relationships

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21
Q

Identity Crisis

A

a turning point in development during which people examine their values and makes decisions about life roles

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22
Q

Identity Diffusion

A

an identity status that characterizes those who are non-committal to specific beliefs and who are not in the process of exploring alternatives

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23
Q

Foreclosure

A

an identity status that characterizes those who have made commitments without considering alternatives

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24
Q

Moratorium

A

an identity status that characterizes those who are actively exploring alternatives in an attempt to form an identity

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25
Identity Achievement
an identity status that characterizes those who have explored alternatives and have developed commitments
26
Ethnic Identity
a sense of belonging to an ethnic group
27
Unexamined Ethnic Identity
the first stage of ethnic identity development, similar to the diffusion or foreclosure identity statuses
28
Ethnic Identity Search
the second stage of ethnic identity development, similar to the moratorium identity status
29
Achieved Ethnic Identity
the final stage of ethnic identity development, similar to the identity achievement status
30
Clique
a group of five to ten individuals who may be exclusive to others, and who share activities and confidences
31
Crowd
a large, loosely organized group of people who may or may not spend much time together and who are identified by the activities of the group
32
Masturbation
sexual self-stimulation
33
Youth In Conflict With The Law
a child or adolescent whose behavior us characterized by illegal activities
34
What is puberty in adolescence?
seen and unseen changes related to reproductive maturity hypothalamus signals pituitary that signals other glands to produce androgens or estrogens
35
What are the characteristics of growth spurts in adolescence?
5 to 13 cm a years lots of iron and calcium peak around 2 years after start of puberty asynchronous: principles are reversed weight lags height: get taller before weight is gained
36
What is early maturation in adolescence?
generally positive for boys, but rushed into maturity, adults might request different behavior for them often difficult for girls, greater risk for psychological health, depression, anxiety, guilt, might get sexual invitations, weight gain the hardest for LGBTQ2S+ (social pressures)
37
What is late maturation in adolescence?
often difficult for boys (everyone looks taller and stronger) girls: negative at first, but positive later (they are slender)
38
What factors impact body image?
cultural norms peers timing
39
What is brain development in adolescence?
dramatic change in grey matter volume (size and complexity of neurons, not number) steady increase in white matter (frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, corpus callosum, Wernicke's and Broca's area) limbic system flourishes while prefrontal cortex develops slowly
40
What is the development of the skeletal system in adolescence?
shape of jaws change once baby teeth are lost
41
What is motor development in adolescence?
girls are better coordinated boys catch up by the end of adolescence
42
What is the development of the muscular system in adolescence?
muscles become thicker and denser more pronounced in boys bodies start to differentiate proportion of fat raises among girls
43
What is the development of the heart and lungs in adolescence?
increase in lung size, heart rate drops more pronounced in boys
44
What are daily guidelines in adolescence?
high physical activity (60 minutes) ~ 24% low recreational screen time (less than two hours) ~ 28% sufficient sleep (8 to 10 hours) ~ 68%
45
What are the risk factors of early sexual intercourse?
early menarche less physical activities peer influence sexual abuse
46
What are the characteristics of exposure to pornography in adolescence?
compulsive behaviors earlier sexual activity more sexual partners and casual sex (more exposure to STIs) alcohol and drug consumption with sex sexual aggression toward women
47
What are sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?
chlamydia: PID, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, genital/urinary disorders in boys, most common in young Canadians gonorrhea, genital warts, genital herpes, syphilis, and HIV HPV: skin and genital warts, pre-cancerous lesions leading to certain types of cancer, 75% of Canadians had at least one HPV infection in their lives, vaccines are available
48
What is sexual education?
should tackle information, motivation, and behavioral skills help them apply the information talking about sex does not motivate teens to become sexually active
49
What are the risk factors of teenage pregnancy?
failure to use (and/or access) contraception, and little advice intergenerational pattern: single mom, lower income/education 7x higher among indigenous adolescents
50
What are the consequences of teenage pregnancy?
medical complications less likely to graduate high school less likely of moving to post-secondary education lower income need more public assistance face rejection from peers
51
What factors affect health in adolescence?
sensation-seeking: risk factors include permissive parents, not involved in extracurricular activities, popularity is important, lack of maturity in the prefrontal cortex death and injuries: unintentional injuries, twice as great for male adolescents nutrition: irregular eating patterns, diabetes, heart diseases alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs: stress, emotional pain, parenting styles, peer influence, sensation-seeking, impulsiveness
52
What is bulimia?
concern about weight gain binging eating and purging (throw up, laxatives, over-exercising) lowered body temperature, hair loss, tooth decay, stomach irritation
53
What is anorexia nervosa?
body image distorted extreme dieting and exercise, fear of weight gain sleep disturbance, cessation of menstruation, insensitivity to pain, hair loss, low blood pressure, cardiovascular problems, reduced body temperature, osteoporosis 4-18% starve to death
54
What are risk factors of eating disorders?
biological causes, e.g. brain dysfunction and heredity fear of growing up (Freud) discrepancy between perceived and ideal body image society/cultural emphasis on thinness unhealthy mental tendency to thought disotrtion
55
What are the challenges and treatments of eating disorders?
do not want to be treated CBT interpersonal psychotherapy 12-step programs group counselling
56
What is depression in adolescence?
more common in girls/women 25% of women between 16-19 years risk factors: genetic factor, family stressors, time in social media vicious cycle with education underachievement and low self-esteem tend to remember more negative information than positive SSRIs are not recommended: suicidal ideation
57
What is suicide in adolescence?
second leading cause of death for Canadian between 15 and 19 years more common in boys/men but girls/women attempt more rate among Canadian indigenous youth are among the highest in the world contributing factors: stressful event, altered mental state, opportunity, personality disorder, behavioral problems, family history prevention strategies: education, social awareness, coping strategies
58
What are youth in conflict with the law?
children and adolescents that engage in illicit activities (has steadily fallen in Canada) increase during adolescence in many societies extrajudicial measures whenever possible: restorative justice, engagement in community programs and sports, increase in self-esteem, sense of competence, empowerment, and connectedness, development of life skills and character, community healing risk factors: socio-economic deprivation, family poverty, lack of parental supervision
59
What is Piaget's formal operational stage?
logical reasoning about abstract concepts systematic problem solving: methodical search for a problem's answer, test hypothesis by isolating one variable at a time hypothetic-deductive reasoning: "what might be", naïve idealism, think about what to do before actually doing it sophisticated use of symbols: can understand metaphors and are more creative
60
What are critiques of Piaget's formal operational stage?
not everyone achieves this stage, it's culturally bounded underestimation of the age when one achieves this stage it's not the epitome of thinking
61
What is hypothetical-deductive reasoning?
adolescent egocentrism: experiences, feelings, beliefs, thought are unique imaginary audience: internalized set of behavioral standards generalized from peers, they are the focus of everyone's attention, now they face real consequences of their actions and better understand consequences for violating social norms personal fable: mentally constructed autobiography, they feel invulnerable
62
What is the development of metacognition, metamemory, and strategy use?
gradual transformation in the capacities of taking in, using, and storing information thought is better organized perceptual abilities and sorting of information are more advanced development of strategies to deal with new situations increased memory capacity text learning: ability to summarize texts improves gradually
63
What are task goals?
more competent at somethings sense of personal control and positive attitude towards school success and failure attribute to own effort
64
What are ability goals?
better than someone else more influenced by peer groups success and failure attributed to outside influences
65
What are the risk factors associated with dropping out of school?
parents with lower education level lone-parent and low-income families less involved in extracellular activities hard to "fit in" skipping classes indigenous groups has lowest rates of school completion across Canada
66
What are the long-term consequences of dropping out of school?
unemployment lower income more likely to resort to criminal behavior and substance abuse
67
What are strategies to prevent dropping out of school?
need to provide curriculum and instruction that is personally and culturally relevant, and that builds on student's aptitudes and interests
68
What is the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)?
65 nations, Canadian 15-year-olds perform among the highest girls perform better in reading skills boys perform better in math no significant difference in science
69
What are sex differences in verbal ability?
reading, comprehension, grammar, spelling, fluency females surpass males from early on in infancy
70
What are sex differences in visual-spatial ability?
visualize and mentally manipulate objects boys start to outperform girls during middle childhood can stereotyped toys explain?
71
What are sex differences in mathematical ability?
standardized tests no sex differences between grade 2 (~7 years) and grade 11 (~16 years)
72
What are the pros of working as a teen?
less than 10 hours a week develops a sense of efficacy, competence, responsibility, discipline, and value of money acquires positive work habits enhances occupational aspirations
73
What are cons of working as a teen?
more than 13 hours a week higher level of stress and psychological issues illegal behavior and substance abuse lower self-esteem and academic performance
74
What is Holland's career typology?
realistic: engineering, farming investigative: professors, researchers artistic: visual/performing arts social: counselling, teachers enterprising: business owner conventional: accounting, banking
75
What is Erikson's psychosocial theory?
identity versus role confusion psychological moratorium: a new identity must be forged (test and try different things) identity crisis: confusion about the new role choices, merge individual identity with group if no suitable identity is found: dysfunctional path, sense of self is diffuse, withdrawal and isolation, peer immersion if conflict is solved: acceptable sense of self, identity appropriate roles in life
76
What are critiques of Erikson's theories?
male oriented merge of stages: identity vs. role confusion + intimacy vs. isolation
77
What are critiques of Marcia's theories?
adolescence is only one period of identity formation periods of stability and instability throughout lifespan identity formation is dependent on cognitive development
78
What are Marcia's identity statuses?
identity achievement status, crisis is past (high commitment, high crisis) moratorium status, in midst of crisis (low commitment, high crisis) foreclosure status (high commitment, low crisis) identity diffusion status (low commitment, low crisis)
79
What makes adolescence a special period?
maturity in four areas: cognitive, sexual, moral, physical
80
What is Kohlberg's moral development in adolescence?
progression of stages is invariant and universal
81
What are the causes for development in Kohlberg's moral development?
cognitive development: transition from concrete to formal operations social support: parent's ability to identify, understand, and respond appropriately
82
What are the consequences of Kohlberg's moral development?
positive correlation between stages evolution and prosocial behavior negative correlation with antisocial behavior and bullying
83
What are the critiques of Kohlberg's moral development?
justice does not supersede all other moral consideration in every culture Gilligan argues that there are two moral orientations: justice and care, also sex differences emotion regulation and empathy should be incorporated in model situational factors explains better moral behaviors than the level of moral reasoning
84
What is self-concept?
more abstract: psychological self, social relationships more differentiated: several roles hierarchical in nature: perceived abilities in one domain affects evaluation in another
85
What is self-esteem?
overall rise throughout adolescence after hitting low point around 12-13 years (early on) mismatch between ideal and real self (later on) adjust ideal self to better fit reality
86
What are positive outcomes of high self-esteem?
better able to resist peer pressure high academic achievement
87
What are negative outcomes of low self-esteem?
anti-social behavior eating disorders anxiety depression suicidal thinking
88
What is gender role identity?
understanding that gender roles are social conventions allow more flexibility masculinity and femininity as a continuum four gender role types: androgynous, feminine, masculine, undifferentiated higher self-esteem: androgynous, masculine
89
What is ethnic identity?
self-identification as a member of a specific group commitment to group values positive or negative attitude about group
90
What are Phinney's stages of development?
unexamined ethnic identity: does not pay attention to ethnic identity ethnic identity search: something makes ethnicity relevant ethnic identity achievement: strategies to deal with possible conflicts and acceptance
91
What is cultural identity?
acquired from a particular society in which one is raised development of cultural identity is a challenge in multicultural countries
92
What are the Multicultural Identity Integration Scales (MULTIS)?
categorization: identity with only one group compartmentalization: multiple cultural identities separated within self integration: cohesive connection of multiple identities within self
93
What is relationship with parents in adolescence?
to establish autonomy while keeping attachment strong: higher academic achievement, better mental health, less substance abuse conflicts revolve around everyday issues still similar in their main beliefs and values on social, political, religious, and economic issues families are still a source of enjoyment and support although adolescents start spending more time with their friends, attachment to parents is a better predictor of well-being greater resilience against short and long-term adversities
94
What is relationship with peers in adolescents?
critical to adolescents, more than at any other time in life groups may include members of the other sex girls tend to have a few close friends (unstructured activities, more intimate relationships) boys tend to participate in larger groups (structured activities, less intimate) popularity and peer acceptance peaks in early adolescence friends tend to share same social status and be committed to same activities quality of friendships is more important than popularity in late adolescence friendships become increasingly intimate transition from cliques and crowds to close relationships
95
What are romantic relationships in adolescence?
sexual orientation: mix of nature and nurture, period of sexual discovery and exploration sexual desire and social factors are just as important being in love is important more casual and short-lived in early adolescence
96
What is sexual orientation?
period of sexual discovery and exploration by age 15, most have identified as primarily heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual LGBTQ2S+: 10 year gap is common between initial attraction and disclosure of orientation