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PSYCH 223 > Adolescence > Flashcards

Adolescence Flashcards

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1
Q

Puberty

A

the biological stage development characterized by physiological and cognitive changes that are associated with reproduction

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2
Q

Feedback Loop

A

a system in which glands regulate each other’s functioning through a series of hormonal messages

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3
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

the structures that make reproduction possible

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4
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

physical indicators of sexual maturation, such as changes to the voice and growth of body hair, that do not directly involve reproductive structures

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5
Q

Asynchronous Growth

A

imbalanced growth, such as the growth that occurs during the early part of adolescence and causes many adolescents to appear gawky

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6
Q

Secular Trend

A

a historical trend toward increasing adult height and earlier puberty

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7
Q

Semen

A

the fluid that contains sperms and substances that nourish and help transport sperm

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8
Q

Nocturnal Emission

A

emission of seminal fluid while asleep

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9
Q

Gynecomastia

A

enlargement of breast tissue in males

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10
Q

Epiphyseal Closure

A

the process by which the cartilage that separates the long end of a bone from the main part of the bone turns to bone

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11
Q

Menarche

A

the onset of menstruation

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12
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by irrational fear of weight gain, distorted body image, and severe weight loss

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13
Q

Osteoporosis

A

a condition involving progressive loss of bone tissue

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14
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by cycles of binge eating and vomiting as a means of controlling weight gain

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15
Q

Formal Operations

A

the fourth stage in Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, characterized by the capacity of for flexible, reversible operations concerning abstract ideas and concepts, such as symbols, statements and theories

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16
Q

Imaginary Audience

A

the belief that others around us are as concerned with our thoughts, appearance and behaviors as we are, one aspect of adolescent egocentrism

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17
Q

Personal Fable

A

the belief that our feelings and ideas are special and unique and that we are invulnerable, one aspect of adolescent egocentrism

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18
Q

Postconventional Level

A

according to Kohlberg, a period of during which moral judgements are derived from moral principles and people look to themselves to set moral standards

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19
Q

Ego Identity

A

according to Erikson, individual’s sense of who they are and what they stand for

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20
Q

Psychological Moratorium

A

a time-out period when adolescents experiment with different roles, values, beliefs and relationships

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21
Q

Identity Crisis

A

a turning point in development during which people examine their values and makes decisions about life roles

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22
Q

Identity Diffusion

A

an identity status that characterizes those who are non-committal to specific beliefs and who are not in the process of exploring alternatives

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23
Q

Foreclosure

A

an identity status that characterizes those who have made commitments without considering alternatives

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24
Q

Moratorium

A

an identity status that characterizes those who are actively exploring alternatives in an attempt to form an identity

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25
Q

Identity Achievement

A

an identity status that characterizes those who have explored alternatives and have developed commitments

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26
Q

Ethnic Identity

A

a sense of belonging to an ethnic group

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27
Q

Unexamined Ethnic Identity

A

the first stage of ethnic identity development, similar to the diffusion or foreclosure identity statuses

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28
Q

Ethnic Identity Search

A

the second stage of ethnic identity development, similar to the moratorium identity status

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29
Q

Achieved Ethnic Identity

A

the final stage of ethnic identity development, similar to the identity achievement status

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30
Q

Clique

A

a group of five to ten individuals who may be exclusive to others, and who share activities and confidences

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31
Q

Crowd

A

a large, loosely organized group of people who may or may not spend much time together and who are identified by the activities of the group

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32
Q

Masturbation

A

sexual self-stimulation

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33
Q

Youth In Conflict With The Law

A

a child or adolescent whose behavior us characterized by illegal activities

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34
Q

What is puberty in adolescence?

A

seen and unseen changes related to reproductive maturity

hypothalamus signals pituitary that signals other glands to produce androgens or estrogens

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35
Q

What are the characteristics of growth spurts in adolescence?

A

5 to 13 cm a years

lots of iron and calcium

peak around 2 years after start of puberty

asynchronous: principles are reversed

weight lags height: get taller before weight is gained

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36
Q

What is early maturation in adolescence?

A

generally positive for boys, but rushed into maturity, adults might request different behavior for them

often difficult for girls, greater risk for psychological health, depression, anxiety, guilt, might get sexual invitations, weight gain

the hardest for LGBTQ2S+ (social pressures)

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37
Q

What is late maturation in adolescence?

A

often difficult for boys (everyone looks taller and stronger)

girls: negative at first, but positive later (they are slender)

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38
Q

What factors impact body image?

A

cultural norms

peers

timing

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39
Q

What is brain development in adolescence?

A

dramatic change in grey matter volume (size and complexity of neurons, not number)

steady increase in white matter (frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, corpus callosum, Wernicke’s and Broca’s area)

limbic system flourishes while prefrontal cortex develops slowly

40
Q

What is the development of the skeletal system in adolescence?

A

shape of jaws change once baby teeth are lost

41
Q

What is motor development in adolescence?

A

girls are better coordinated

boys catch up by the end of adolescence

42
Q

What is the development of the muscular system in adolescence?

A

muscles become thicker and denser

more pronounced in boys

bodies start to differentiate

proportion of fat raises among girls

43
Q

What is the development of the heart and lungs in adolescence?

A

increase in lung size, heart rate drops

more pronounced in boys

44
Q

What are daily guidelines in adolescence?

A

high physical activity (60 minutes) ~ 24%

low recreational screen time (less than two hours) ~ 28%

sufficient sleep (8 to 10 hours) ~ 68%

45
Q

What are the risk factors of early sexual intercourse?

A

early menarche
less physical activities
peer influence
sexual abuse

46
Q

What are the characteristics of exposure to pornography in adolescence?

A

compulsive behaviors
earlier sexual activity
more sexual partners and casual sex (more exposure to STIs)
alcohol and drug consumption with sex
sexual aggression toward women

47
Q

What are sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

A

chlamydia: PID, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, genital/urinary disorders in boys, most common in young Canadians

gonorrhea, genital warts, genital herpes, syphilis, and HIV

HPV: skin and genital warts, pre-cancerous lesions leading to certain types of cancer, 75% of Canadians had at least one HPV infection in their lives, vaccines are available

48
Q

What is sexual education?

A

should tackle information, motivation, and behavioral skills

help them apply the information

talking about sex does not motivate teens to become sexually active

49
Q

What are the risk factors of teenage pregnancy?

A

failure to use (and/or access) contraception, and little advice

intergenerational pattern: single mom, lower income/education

7x higher among indigenous adolescents

50
Q

What are the consequences of teenage pregnancy?

A

medical complications
less likely to graduate high school
less likely of moving to post-secondary education
lower income
need more public assistance
face rejection from peers

51
Q

What factors affect health in adolescence?

A

sensation-seeking: risk factors include permissive parents, not involved in extracurricular activities, popularity is important, lack of maturity in the prefrontal cortex

death and injuries: unintentional injuries, twice as great for male adolescents

nutrition: irregular eating patterns, diabetes, heart diseases

alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs: stress, emotional pain, parenting styles, peer influence, sensation-seeking, impulsiveness

52
Q

What is bulimia?

A

concern about weight gain

binging eating and purging (throw up, laxatives, over-exercising)

lowered body temperature, hair loss, tooth decay, stomach irritation

53
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

body image distorted

extreme dieting and exercise, fear of weight gain

sleep disturbance, cessation of menstruation, insensitivity to pain, hair loss, low blood pressure, cardiovascular problems, reduced body temperature, osteoporosis

4-18% starve to death

54
Q

What are risk factors of eating disorders?

A

biological causes, e.g. brain dysfunction and heredity

fear of growing up (Freud)

discrepancy between perceived and ideal body image

society/cultural emphasis on thinness

unhealthy mental tendency to thought disotrtion

55
Q

What are the challenges and treatments of eating disorders?

A

do not want to be treated

CBT

interpersonal psychotherapy

12-step programs

group counselling

56
Q

What is depression in adolescence?

A

more common in girls/women

25% of women between 16-19 years

risk factors: genetic factor, family stressors, time in social media

vicious cycle with education underachievement and low self-esteem

tend to remember more negative information than positive

SSRIs are not recommended: suicidal ideation

57
Q

What is suicide in adolescence?

A

second leading cause of death for Canadian between 15 and 19 years

more common in boys/men but girls/women attempt more

rate among Canadian indigenous youth are among the highest in the world

contributing factors: stressful event, altered mental state, opportunity, personality disorder, behavioral problems, family history

prevention strategies: education, social awareness, coping strategies

58
Q

What are youth in conflict with the law?

A

children and adolescents that engage in illicit activities (has steadily fallen in Canada)

increase during adolescence in many societies

extrajudicial measures whenever possible: restorative justice, engagement in community programs and sports, increase in self-esteem, sense of competence, empowerment, and connectedness, development of life skills and character, community healing

risk factors: socio-economic deprivation, family poverty, lack of parental supervision

59
Q

What is Piaget’s formal operational stage?

A

logical reasoning about abstract concepts

systematic problem solving: methodical search for a problem’s answer, test hypothesis by isolating one variable at a time

hypothetic-deductive reasoning: “what might be”, naïve idealism, think about what to do before actually doing it

sophisticated use of symbols: can understand metaphors and are more creative

60
Q

What are critiques of Piaget’s formal operational stage?

A

not everyone achieves this stage, it’s culturally bounded

underestimation of the age when one achieves this stage

it’s not the epitome of thinking

61
Q

What is hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

A

adolescent egocentrism: experiences, feelings, beliefs, thought are unique

imaginary audience: internalized set of behavioral standards generalized from peers, they are the focus of everyone’s attention, now they face real consequences of their actions and better understand consequences for violating social norms

personal fable: mentally constructed autobiography, they feel invulnerable

62
Q

What is the development of metacognition, metamemory, and strategy use?

A

gradual transformation in the capacities of taking in, using, and storing information

thought is better organized

perceptual abilities and sorting of information are more advanced

development of strategies to deal with new situations

increased memory capacity

text learning: ability to summarize texts improves gradually

63
Q

What are task goals?

A

more competent at somethings

sense of personal control and positive attitude towards school

success and failure attribute to own effort

64
Q

What are ability goals?

A

better than someone else

more influenced by peer groups

success and failure attributed to outside influences

65
Q

What are the risk factors associated with dropping out of school?

A

parents with lower education level

lone-parent and low-income families

less involved in extracellular activities

hard to “fit in”

skipping classes

indigenous groups has lowest rates of school completion across Canada

66
Q

What are the long-term consequences of dropping out of school?

A

unemployment
lower income
more likely to resort to criminal behavior and substance abuse

67
Q

What are strategies to prevent dropping out of school?

A

need to provide curriculum and instruction that is personally and culturally relevant, and that builds on student’s aptitudes and interests

68
Q

What is the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)?

A

65 nations, Canadian 15-year-olds perform among the highest

girls perform better in reading skills

boys perform better in math

no significant difference in science

69
Q

What are sex differences in verbal ability?

A

reading, comprehension, grammar, spelling, fluency

females surpass males from early on in infancy

70
Q

What are sex differences in visual-spatial ability?

A

visualize and mentally manipulate objects

boys start to outperform girls during middle childhood

can stereotyped toys explain?

71
Q

What are sex differences in mathematical ability?

A

standardized tests

no sex differences between grade 2 (~7 years) and grade 11 (~16 years)

72
Q

What are the pros of working as a teen?

A

less than 10 hours a week

develops a sense of efficacy, competence, responsibility, discipline, and value of money

acquires positive work habits

enhances occupational aspirations

73
Q

What are cons of working as a teen?

A

more than 13 hours a week

higher level of stress and psychological issues

illegal behavior and substance abuse

lower self-esteem and academic performance

74
Q

What is Holland’s career typology?

A

realistic: engineering, farming

investigative: professors, researchers

artistic: visual/performing arts

social: counselling, teachers

enterprising: business owner

conventional: accounting, banking

75
Q

What is Erikson’s psychosocial theory?

A

identity versus role confusion

psychological moratorium: a new identity must be forged (test and try different things)

identity crisis: confusion about the new role choices, merge individual identity with group

if no suitable identity is found: dysfunctional path, sense of self is diffuse, withdrawal and isolation, peer immersion

if conflict is solved: acceptable sense of self, identity appropriate roles in life

76
Q

What are critiques of Erikson’s theories?

A

male oriented

merge of stages: identity vs. role confusion + intimacy vs. isolation

77
Q

What are critiques of Marcia’s theories?

A

adolescence is only one period of identity formation

periods of stability and instability throughout lifespan

identity formation is dependent on cognitive development

78
Q

What are Marcia’s identity statuses?

A

identity achievement status, crisis is past (high commitment, high crisis)

moratorium status, in midst of crisis (low commitment, high crisis)

foreclosure status (high commitment, low crisis)

identity diffusion status (low commitment, low crisis)

79
Q

What makes adolescence a special period?

A

maturity in four areas: cognitive, sexual, moral, physical

80
Q

What is Kohlberg’s moral development in adolescence?

A

progression of stages is invariant and universal

81
Q

What are the causes for development in Kohlberg’s moral development?

A

cognitive development: transition from concrete to formal operations

social support: parent’s ability to identify, understand, and respond appropriately

82
Q

What are the consequences of Kohlberg’s moral development?

A

positive correlation between stages evolution and prosocial behavior

negative correlation with antisocial behavior and bullying

83
Q

What are the critiques of Kohlberg’s moral development?

A

justice does not supersede all other moral consideration in every culture

Gilligan argues that there are two moral orientations: justice and care, also sex differences

emotion regulation and empathy should be incorporated in model

situational factors explains better moral behaviors than the level of moral reasoning

84
Q

What is self-concept?

A

more abstract: psychological self, social relationships

more differentiated: several roles

hierarchical in nature: perceived abilities in one domain affects evaluation in another

85
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

overall rise throughout adolescence

after hitting low point around 12-13 years

(early on) mismatch between ideal and real self

(later on) adjust ideal self to better fit reality

86
Q

What are positive outcomes of high self-esteem?

A

better able to resist peer pressure

high academic achievement

87
Q

What are negative outcomes of low self-esteem?

A

anti-social behavior

eating disorders

anxiety

depression

suicidal thinking

88
Q

What is gender role identity?

A

understanding that gender roles are social conventions allow more flexibility

masculinity and femininity as a continuum

four gender role types: androgynous, feminine, masculine, undifferentiated

higher self-esteem: androgynous, masculine

89
Q

What is ethnic identity?

A

self-identification as a member of a specific group

commitment to group values

positive or negative attitude about group

90
Q

What are Phinney’s stages of development?

A

unexamined ethnic identity: does not pay attention to ethnic identity

ethnic identity search: something makes ethnicity relevant

ethnic identity achievement: strategies to deal with possible conflicts and acceptance

91
Q

What is cultural identity?

A

acquired from a particular society in which one is raised

development of cultural identity is a challenge in multicultural countries

92
Q

What are the Multicultural Identity Integration Scales (MULTIS)?

A

categorization: identity with only one group

compartmentalization: multiple cultural identities separated within self

integration: cohesive connection of multiple identities within self

93
Q

What is relationship with parents in adolescence?

A

to establish autonomy while keeping attachment strong: higher academic achievement, better mental health, less substance abuse

conflicts revolve around everyday issues

still similar in their main beliefs and values on social, political, religious, and economic issues

families are still a source of enjoyment and support

although adolescents start spending more time with their friends, attachment to parents is a better predictor of well-being

greater resilience against short and long-term adversities

94
Q

What is relationship with peers in adolescents?

A

critical to adolescents, more than at any other time in life

groups may include members of the other sex

girls tend to have a few close friends (unstructured activities, more intimate relationships)

boys tend to participate in larger groups (structured activities, less intimate)

popularity and peer acceptance peaks in early adolescence

friends tend to share same social status and be committed to same activities

quality of friendships is more important than popularity in late adolescence

friendships become increasingly intimate

transition from cliques and crowds to close relationships

95
Q

What are romantic relationships in adolescence?

A

sexual orientation: mix of nature and nurture, period of sexual discovery and exploration

sexual desire and social factors are just as important

being in love is important

more casual and short-lived in early adolescence

96
Q

What is sexual orientation?

A

period of sexual discovery and exploration

by age 15, most have identified as primarily heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual

LGBTQ2S+: 10 year gap is common between initial attraction and disclosure of orientation

PSYCH 223 (10 decks)

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