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PSYCH 223 > Early Adulthood > Flashcards

Early Adulthood Flashcards

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1
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

a theoretical period of development, spanning the ages of 18 to 25, when young people in developed nations engage in extended role exploration

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2
Q

Adaptive Thermogenesis

A

the process by which the body converts food energy (calories) to heat at a lower rate when a person eats less, because of, for example, famine or dieting

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3
Q

Substance Abuse

A

a persistent pattern of use of a substance characterized by frequent intoxication and impairment of physical, social, or emotional well-being

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4
Q

Substance Dependence

A

a persistent pattern of use of a substance that is accompanied by physiological addiction

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5
Q

Tolerance

A

habituation to a drug such that increasingly higher doses are needed to achieve similar effects

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6
Q

Abstinence Syndrome

A

a characteristic cluster of symptoms that results from a sudden decrease in the levels of usage of a substance

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7
Q

Hallucinogenics

A

drugs that give rise to hallucinations

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8
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

painful menstruation

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9
Q

Prostaglandins

A

hormones that cause muscles in the uterine wall to contract, as during labor

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10
Q

Amenorrhea

A

the absence of menstruation

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11
Q

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

A

the discomforting symptoms that affect many women during the 4- to 6-day interval preceding their periods

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12
Q

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

A

a condition similar to but more severe than PMS

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13
Q

Dating Violence

A

assaults such as verbal threats, pushing, and slapping committed by an individual in an intimate relationship and often leading to injuries that require first aid

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14
Q

Sexual Harassment

A

deliberate or repeated unwanted comments, gestures, or physical contact

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15
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

one’s intellectual attainments, as shown, for example, by vocabulary and accumulated knowledge

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16
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

mental flexibility, the ability to process information rapidly

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17
Q

Dualistic Thinking

A

dividing the cognitive world into opposites, such as good and bad, or us versus them

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18
Q

Relativistic Thinking

A

recognition that judgments are often not absolute but are made from a certain belief system or cultural background

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19
Q

Pragmatic Thought

A

decision making characterized by willingness to accept reality and compromise

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20
Q

Cognitive-Affective Complexity

A

a mature form of thinking that permits people to harbor positive and negative feelings at the same time about their career choices and other matters

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21
Q

Individuation

A

the young adult’s process of becoming an individual by means of integrating his or her own values and beliefs with those of his or her parents and society at large

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22
Q

Intimacy Versus Isolation

A

according to Erik Erikson, the central conflict or life crisis of early adulthood, in which a person develops an intimate relationship with a significant other or risks heading down a path toward social isolation

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23
Q

The Dream

A

according to Daniel Levinson and his colleagues, the drive to become someone, to leave one’s mark on history, which serves as a tentative blueprint for the young adult

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24
Q

Attraction-Similarity Hypothesis

A

the view that we tend to develop romantic relationships with people who are similar to ourselves in physical attractiveness and other traits

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25
Q

Reciprocity

A

the tendency to respond in kind when we feel admired and complimented

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26
Q

Romantic Love

A

a form of love fueled by passion and feelings of intimacy

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27
Q

Intimacy

A

the experience of warmth toward another person that arises from feelings of closeness and connectedness

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28
Q

Passion

A

intense sexual desire for another person

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29
Q

Commitment

A

the decision to devote oneself to a cause or another person

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30
Q

Monogamy

A

the practice of having a sexual relationship with only one person at a time

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31
Q

Polyamory

A

the practice of consenting partners maintaining an “open” sexual relationship

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32
Q

Same-Sex Marriage

A

marriage between two gay males or between two lesbians

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33
Q

Homogamy

A

marriage between two similar individuals

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34
Q

What are the “Big Five” adult role transitions?

A

left home
completed education
started a career
married
had kid(s)

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35
Q

What is emerging adulthood?

A

most people do not fell they have fully attained adulthood until age 25

neurological changes and cultural demands as support

decision-making, impulse control, self-regulation

technological revolution, sexual revolution, feminist movement, youth movement

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36
Q

What does physical development look like in early adulthood?

A

young adults are at their height of sensory sharpness, strength, reaction time, and cardiovascular fitness

young adults are at their tallest

most young adults perceive their health as very good or excellent

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37
Q

What does the brain and nervous system look like in early adulthood?

A

brain maturation is reached around age 30

developmental process reaches a balance

most functions have specialized in specific areas of the brain

integration of brain functions become fully developed (response inhibition, frontal lobes and limbic system)

functional and connectivity can still be strengthened (enhanced cognitive training, physical exercise)

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38
Q

What are the senses like in early adulthood?

A

as sharp as they will ever be

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39
Q

What is physical fitness in early adulthood?

A

most athletes are at their peak

aerobic fitness, strength, and speed

begins to decline between ages 35 and 40

40
Q

What is reproductive capacity in early adulthood?

A

risk of miscarriage and other complications starts to increase after age 30

fertility drops steadily after the 20s (more slowly for men)

41
Q

What is the immune system in early adulthood?

A

adults produce fewer antibodies than children and adolescents

highly responsive to psychological stress and depression

42
Q

What is the socioeconomic determinants of health?

A

early childhood development

education

socioeconomic status

personal health behaviors

culture

gender

employment

social support

43
Q

How is the health care system determinants of health?

A

medical services

hospital and medical clinics

community and home-based health care services

medical and health care professionals

44
Q

How are biology and genetics determinants of health?

A

organs and body systems, DNA

45
Q

How is physical environment a determinant of health?

A

adequate housing

safe workplace and communities

clean air, water, and soil

46
Q

What is health in early adulthood?

A

as a group, tend to be healthy

young adults are less susceptible to cold/illness

but are the most affected by most STIs

deaths are uncommon

injuries and poisons (intentional or unintentional) are the most common cause of death (70%), followed by cancer (8%)

47
Q

What is obesity in early adulthood?

A

in the rise (30% of adults)

factors: physical activity, access to healthy food, levels of education, income, heredity

adaptive thermogenesis: survival strategy that does not always help, sudden reaction in how much you eat or drastic change in diet, but body thinks your in a famine (survival mode) so won’t lose weight like we thought we would

48
Q

What is exercise in early adulthood?

A

30 minutes a day, 5 time a week

increases cardiovascular fitness
lung capacity increases
muscles become stronger
body becomes more flexible
reduces osteoporosis in later life
optimizes the immune response
decreases stress, anxiety, and depression
increases sense of control and feelings of accomplishment
increases longevity
decreases dementia

49
Q

What is substance abuse?

A

it’s progressive

substance dependency

tolerance

abstinence syndrome

50
Q

What are depressants drugs?

A

slow down nervous system

alcohol, narcotics, sedatives

51
Q

What are stimulant drugs?

A

speed up heart beat and other bodily functions

nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines

52
Q

What are hallucinogenic drugs?

A

induce hallucinations

marijuana, ecstasy, LSD

53
Q

What is the effect of stress on health in early adulthood?

A

perceived stress is rising among younger adults

rise in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and sweating

reduction of body’s ability to deal with stress

more susceptible to diseases

immune system shuts down

psychosomatic disorders

ulcers, asthma, arthritis, high blood pressure

54
Q

What are wellness factors?

A

healthy habits: related to lower risk of mortality, disease and disability rates, physical exercise, not smoking, drinking, over or under eating, getting regular sleep

social support: related to lower risk of disease, death, and depression

sense of control (self-efficacy + locus of control) is related to better health outcomes, optimism has a positive effect on the immune system

55
Q

Why does sexual activity peak in early adulthood?

A

combination of youth and opportunity

Canadians have more sex partners in a lifetime than people in most other countries, and we are also more sexually adventurous, spending more time on foreplay and intercourse

56
Q

What are menstrual problems that occur in early adulthood?

A

dysmenorrhea: pelvic cramps, bloating

menstrual migraines

amenorrhea: too skinny to get a period

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): don’t sleep well, isolation, big mood swings, need medical support

57
Q

What is intimate partner violence?

A

the most common form of violence against women in Canada, particularly indigenous women

higher risk in dating partners than spouses, and in rural than urban settings

58
Q

What are the risk factors associated with intimate partner violence?

A

childhood maltreatment, being younger, heavy drinking, illegal use of drugs, domineering partner, cultural attitudes

59
Q

What are the effects of intimate partner violence?

A

physical injury, sexual/reproductive disorders, homicide, mental health issues

60
Q

What are strategies of prevention of intimate partner violence?

A

training of health professionals to recognize signs of violence, providing victims with problem-solving skills

61
Q

What is sexual assault?

A

women are at higher risk, 37 incidents per 1,000 women, 5 incident per 1,000 men, 1 in 12 college men commit acts that are legally defined as rape

most occur in the context of established social and romantic relationships

1/4 of sexual assaults are committed by strangers

workplace sexual harassment: comments, gestures, contact

62
Q

What are the effects of sexual assault?

A

sexual dysfunctions, PTSD, physical trauma

psychological effects can persist for more than a decade

63
Q

How can sexual assault be prevented?

A

training to avoid situations in which sexual assaults are more likely

training in verbal and physical self-defense techniques

64
Q

What is mental health in early adulthood?

A

interrelation of factors

anxiety and mood disorders: most common among Canadians, depression is higher in early adulthood

personality disorders: long-term and consistent across contexts

schizophrenia: delusions and hallucinations, too much pruning?

alcohol and substance disorders: peak in early adulthood

eating disorders

65
Q

What is Labouvie-Vief’s Theory?

A

pragmatic thought

willingness to accept reality and compromise

cognitive-affective complexity: harbor positive and negative aspects at the same time

66
Q

What is post-formal thought?

A

intellectual processes are at their peak

shift towards relativism: beyond Piaget’s formal operations, comes with higher education

dialectical thought: paradox, uncertainty

reflective judgement: consider different assumptions for controversial issues

less egocentric

critique: highly speculative, little empirical evidence

67
Q

What is IQ in early adulthood?

A

IQ scores remains stable

verbal skills increase a little

spatial skills decline a little

68
Q

What is crystallized and fluid intelligence in early adulthood?

A

basically no decline

crystallized intelligence may increase

fluid intelligence starts to decline around age 35-40

69
Q

How does post-secondary education impact development in early adulthood?

A

almost 2/3 of Canadians ages 25 to 64 have a post-secondary education

students are exposed to “all kinds of people”

earn much more than those who do not have post-secondary education: get more promotions, less likely to be unemployed for long periods of time, better assessment of academic skills

employment advantage

more Canadian women than men

70
Q

Why is post-secondary education inaccessible to some?

A

low family income

parents with no post-secondary education

poor academic performance

mental and neurodevelopmental conditions

71
Q

What are extrinsic rewards for choosing a career?

A

outside of self

earning a living

fringe benefits

future security

72
Q

What are intrinsic rewards for choosing a career?

A

self-motivating

work ethic

self-identity

self-fulfillment

self-worth

socialization

public roles

73
Q

What is the fantasy/growth stage in career development?

A

unrealistic, based on social status

until end of elementary school

74
Q

What is the tentative choice/exploratory stage in career development?

A

base choice on abilities, interests, and status

throughout high school

75
Q

What is the realistic choice/established stage?

A

narrow choices

takes into account rewards, requirements. and skills

throughout university

76
Q

What is the maintenance stage of career development?

A

settling, sense of moving forward

late 30’s

77
Q

What factors contribute to happiness at work?

A

match between personality and career

balance between work and family

telecommuting and flextime

job prospects

work intensity

income and benefits

78
Q

What are gender differences in work?

A

men still make more money

women tend to move in and out of work at least once to have and raise children

men have more leisure time

women continue to perform more household labor

79
Q

What are the factors that cause fail-to-launch syndrome?

A

cost of living

parenting styles

mental health

80
Q

What is individuation?

A

integrating own values/beliefs with parents’ and society’s

separate from parents: key goal for men in our society

related to financial and emotional support received from parents

81
Q

What is Erikson’s psychosocial stage of intimacy vs. isolation in early adulthood?

A

engage in a supportive, affectionate relationship

someone to share life with: life partner, supportive friend

without losing sense of self

lack of identity is related to high divorce rate in young marriages

failure: loneliness, isolation, fear of relationships

82
Q

What is Levinson’s life structures in early adulthood?

A

balance and conflicts in a person’s roles and relationship

we live through cycles of stability and instability

novice phase: adjustment (“the dream”)
mid-era phase: reassessment and reorganization (“where is my life going”)
culmination phase: creation of a new life structure (“financial and emotional investment”)

critique: not a lot of research saying this is accurate

83
Q

What are evolutionary theories of attraction?

A

cross-cultural studies suggest that men look for younger, attractive women, and women look for men with higher socioeconomic status

parental investment theory: minimum investment, but also child-rearing requirements

84
Q

What is the social role theory of attraction?

A

present day realities rather than natural selection pressures

women’s and men’s mating preferences changed as women gained economic power

assortative mating, homogamy: attraction similarity hypothesis and reciprocity, race and ethnicity, age, level of education, and religion

85
Q

What is Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love?

A

intimacy: feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness

passion: drives relating sex, physical closeness, and romance

commitment: long-term determination to maintain relationship

well matched if corresponding levels of passion, intimacy, and commitment

be aware of jealousy

86
Q

What is loneliness?

A

tends to peak during adolescence

poor relationship

associated with physical health and depression

87
Q

What is the single life?

A

became a common Canadian lifestyle

alternative and not “temporary”

impact on life depends on the reason for status

88
Q

What is cohabituation?

A

rise in the past years

more likely to divorce

life structure from cohabitation and marriage are different

less homogamous (similar)

less traditional and committed to values associated with marriage

89
Q

What are characteristics of relationship satisfaction in marriage?

A

extraversion

conscientiousness

similar levels of openness

similar levels of agreeableness

90
Q

What is the role of attachment in marriage?

A

secure: happy and confident about the future successes of their relationship

avoidant: less invested in their relationships, higher break up rates, feel lonely

ambivalent/resistant: overly invested in their relationship, repeated break ups with the same partner, low self-esteem

91
Q

What are the types of enduring and stable marriages?

A

validating couples: mutual respect, listening, disagreement does not escalate

volatile couples: disagree/squabble a lot, but more positive than negative encounters

avoidant couples: agree to disagree, no rancor, conflict minimizers

92
Q

What the types of unsuccessful marriages?

A

hostile/engaged couples: frequent hot arguments, lack humor and affection

hostile/detached couples: fight regularly, lack affection and support

93
Q

What are the psychological effects of divorce?

A

major stressor, increases likelihood for depression

94
Q

What are economic effects of divorce?

A

women are adversely affected, men improve slightly

95
Q

What is the mixed emotional experience of parenthood?

A

for 92% of Canadians is the most important thing one can do

parents are physically exhausted

the more secure the relationship, the more resilient the parents

preparation for pre- and post-natal baby care is very important

96
Q

What is the impact of parenthood on early adults?

A

postpartum depression (10 to 15%), likelihood increased by major life stressors during pregnancy or after baby’s birth, but best predictor is depression during the pregnancy

positive behavioral changes but marital satisfaction tends to decline

protective factors: education level and time as a couple before birth

motherhood earnings gap

PSYCH 223 (10 decks)

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