Early Adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

a theoretical period of development, spanning the ages of 18 to 25, when young people in developed nations engage in extended role exploration

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2
Q

Adaptive Thermogenesis

A

the process by which the body converts food energy (calories) to heat at a lower rate when a person eats less, because of, for example, famine or dieting

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3
Q

Substance Abuse

A

a persistent pattern of use of a substance characterized by frequent intoxication and impairment of physical, social, or emotional well-being

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4
Q

Substance Dependence

A

a persistent pattern of use of a substance that is accompanied by physiological addiction

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5
Q

Tolerance

A

habituation to a drug such that increasingly higher doses are needed to achieve similar effects

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6
Q

Abstinence Syndrome

A

a characteristic cluster of symptoms that results from a sudden decrease in the levels of usage of a substance

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7
Q

Hallucinogenics

A

drugs that give rise to hallucinations

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8
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

painful menstruation

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9
Q

Prostaglandins

A

hormones that cause muscles in the uterine wall to contract, as during labor

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10
Q

Amenorrhea

A

the absence of menstruation

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11
Q

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

A

the discomforting symptoms that affect many women during the 4- to 6-day interval preceding their periods

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12
Q

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

A

a condition similar to but more severe than PMS

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13
Q

Dating Violence

A

assaults such as verbal threats, pushing, and slapping committed by an individual in an intimate relationship and often leading to injuries that require first aid

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14
Q

Sexual Harassment

A

deliberate or repeated unwanted comments, gestures, or physical contact

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15
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

one’s intellectual attainments, as shown, for example, by vocabulary and accumulated knowledge

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16
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

mental flexibility, the ability to process information rapidly

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17
Q

Dualistic Thinking

A

dividing the cognitive world into opposites, such as good and bad, or us versus them

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18
Q

Relativistic Thinking

A

recognition that judgments are often not absolute but are made from a certain belief system or cultural background

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19
Q

Pragmatic Thought

A

decision making characterized by willingness to accept reality and compromise

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20
Q

Cognitive-Affective Complexity

A

a mature form of thinking that permits people to harbor positive and negative feelings at the same time about their career choices and other matters

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21
Q

Individuation

A

the young adult’s process of becoming an individual by means of integrating his or her own values and beliefs with those of his or her parents and society at large

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22
Q

Intimacy Versus Isolation

A

according to Erik Erikson, the central conflict or life crisis of early adulthood, in which a person develops an intimate relationship with a significant other or risks heading down a path toward social isolation

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23
Q

The Dream

A

according to Daniel Levinson and his colleagues, the drive to become someone, to leave one’s mark on history, which serves as a tentative blueprint for the young adult

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24
Q

Attraction-Similarity Hypothesis

A

the view that we tend to develop romantic relationships with people who are similar to ourselves in physical attractiveness and other traits

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25
Reciprocity
the tendency to respond in kind when we feel admired and complimented
26
Romantic Love
a form of love fueled by passion and feelings of intimacy
27
Intimacy
the experience of warmth toward another person that arises from feelings of closeness and connectedness
28
Passion
intense sexual desire for another person
29
Commitment
the decision to devote oneself to a cause or another person
30
Monogamy
the practice of having a sexual relationship with only one person at a time
31
Polyamory
the practice of consenting partners maintaining an "open" sexual relationship
32
Same-Sex Marriage
marriage between two gay males or between two lesbians
33
Homogamy
marriage between two similar individuals
34
What are the "Big Five" adult role transitions?
left home completed education started a career married had kid(s)
35
What is emerging adulthood?
most people do not fell they have fully attained adulthood until age 25 neurological changes and cultural demands as support decision-making, impulse control, self-regulation technological revolution, sexual revolution, feminist movement, youth movement
36
What does physical development look like in early adulthood?
young adults are at their height of sensory sharpness, strength, reaction time, and cardiovascular fitness young adults are at their tallest most young adults perceive their health as very good or excellent
37
What does the brain and nervous system look like in early adulthood?
brain maturation is reached around age 30 developmental process reaches a balance most functions have specialized in specific areas of the brain integration of brain functions become fully developed (response inhibition, frontal lobes and limbic system) functional and connectivity can still be strengthened (enhanced cognitive training, physical exercise)
38
What are the senses like in early adulthood?
as sharp as they will ever be
39
What is physical fitness in early adulthood?
most athletes are at their peak aerobic fitness, strength, and speed begins to decline between ages 35 and 40
40
What is reproductive capacity in early adulthood?
risk of miscarriage and other complications starts to increase after age 30 fertility drops steadily after the 20s (more slowly for men)
41
What is the immune system in early adulthood?
adults produce fewer antibodies than children and adolescents highly responsive to psychological stress and depression
42
What is the socioeconomic determinants of health?
early childhood development education socioeconomic status personal health behaviors culture gender employment social support
43
How is the health care system determinants of health?
medical services hospital and medical clinics community and home-based health care services medical and health care professionals
44
How are biology and genetics determinants of health?
organs and body systems, DNA
45
How is physical environment a determinant of health?
adequate housing safe workplace and communities clean air, water, and soil
46
What is health in early adulthood?
as a group, tend to be healthy young adults are less susceptible to cold/illness but are the most affected by most STIs deaths are uncommon injuries and poisons (intentional or unintentional) are the most common cause of death (70%), followed by cancer (8%)
47
What is obesity in early adulthood?
in the rise (30% of adults) factors: physical activity, access to healthy food, levels of education, income, heredity adaptive thermogenesis: survival strategy that does not always help, sudden reaction in how much you eat or drastic change in diet, but body thinks your in a famine (survival mode) so won't lose weight like we thought we would
48
What is exercise in early adulthood?
30 minutes a day, 5 time a week increases cardiovascular fitness lung capacity increases muscles become stronger body becomes more flexible reduces osteoporosis in later life optimizes the immune response decreases stress, anxiety, and depression increases sense of control and feelings of accomplishment increases longevity decreases dementia
49
What is substance abuse?
it's progressive substance dependency tolerance abstinence syndrome
50
What are depressants drugs?
slow down nervous system alcohol, narcotics, sedatives
51
What are stimulant drugs?
speed up heart beat and other bodily functions nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines
52
What are hallucinogenic drugs?
induce hallucinations marijuana, ecstasy, LSD
53
What is the effect of stress on health in early adulthood?
perceived stress is rising among younger adults rise in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and sweating reduction of body's ability to deal with stress more susceptible to diseases immune system shuts down psychosomatic disorders ulcers, asthma, arthritis, high blood pressure
54
What are wellness factors?
healthy habits: related to lower risk of mortality, disease and disability rates, physical exercise, not smoking, drinking, over or under eating, getting regular sleep social support: related to lower risk of disease, death, and depression sense of control (self-efficacy + locus of control) is related to better health outcomes, optimism has a positive effect on the immune system
55
Why does sexual activity peak in early adulthood?
combination of youth and opportunity Canadians have more sex partners in a lifetime than people in most other countries, and we are also more sexually adventurous, spending more time on foreplay and intercourse
56
What are menstrual problems that occur in early adulthood?
dysmenorrhea: pelvic cramps, bloating menstrual migraines amenorrhea: too skinny to get a period premenstrual syndrome (PMS) premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): don't sleep well, isolation, big mood swings, need medical support
57
What is intimate partner violence?
the most common form of violence against women in Canada, particularly indigenous women higher risk in dating partners than spouses, and in rural than urban settings
58
What are the risk factors associated with intimate partner violence?
childhood maltreatment, being younger, heavy drinking, illegal use of drugs, domineering partner, cultural attitudes
59
What are the effects of intimate partner violence?
physical injury, sexual/reproductive disorders, homicide, mental health issues
60
What are strategies of prevention of intimate partner violence?
training of health professionals to recognize signs of violence, providing victims with problem-solving skills
61
What is sexual assault?
women are at higher risk, 37 incidents per 1,000 women, 5 incident per 1,000 men, 1 in 12 college men commit acts that are legally defined as rape most occur in the context of established social and romantic relationships 1/4 of sexual assaults are committed by strangers workplace sexual harassment: comments, gestures, contact
62
What are the effects of sexual assault?
sexual dysfunctions, PTSD, physical trauma psychological effects can persist for more than a decade
63
How can sexual assault be prevented?
training to avoid situations in which sexual assaults are more likely training in verbal and physical self-defense techniques
64
What is mental health in early adulthood?
interrelation of factors anxiety and mood disorders: most common among Canadians, depression is higher in early adulthood personality disorders: long-term and consistent across contexts schizophrenia: delusions and hallucinations, too much pruning? alcohol and substance disorders: peak in early adulthood eating disorders
65
What is Labouvie-Vief's Theory?
pragmatic thought willingness to accept reality and compromise cognitive-affective complexity: harbor positive and negative aspects at the same time
66
What is post-formal thought?
intellectual processes are at their peak shift towards relativism: beyond Piaget's formal operations, comes with higher education dialectical thought: paradox, uncertainty reflective judgement: consider different assumptions for controversial issues less egocentric critique: highly speculative, little empirical evidence
67
What is IQ in early adulthood?
IQ scores remains stable verbal skills increase a little spatial skills decline a little
68
What is crystallized and fluid intelligence in early adulthood?
basically no decline crystallized intelligence may increase fluid intelligence starts to decline around age 35-40
69
How does post-secondary education impact development in early adulthood?
almost 2/3 of Canadians ages 25 to 64 have a post-secondary education students are exposed to "all kinds of people" earn much more than those who do not have post-secondary education: get more promotions, less likely to be unemployed for long periods of time, better assessment of academic skills employment advantage more Canadian women than men
70
Why is post-secondary education inaccessible to some?
low family income parents with no post-secondary education poor academic performance mental and neurodevelopmental conditions
71
What are extrinsic rewards for choosing a career?
outside of self earning a living fringe benefits future security
72
What are intrinsic rewards for choosing a career?
self-motivating work ethic self-identity self-fulfillment self-worth socialization public roles
73
What is the fantasy/growth stage in career development?
unrealistic, based on social status until end of elementary school
74
What is the tentative choice/exploratory stage in career development?
base choice on abilities, interests, and status throughout high school
75
What is the realistic choice/established stage?
narrow choices takes into account rewards, requirements. and skills throughout university
76
What is the maintenance stage of career development?
settling, sense of moving forward late 30's
77
What factors contribute to happiness at work?
match between personality and career balance between work and family telecommuting and flextime job prospects work intensity income and benefits
78
What are gender differences in work?
men still make more money women tend to move in and out of work at least once to have and raise children men have more leisure time women continue to perform more household labor
79
What are the factors that cause fail-to-launch syndrome?
cost of living parenting styles mental health
80
What is individuation?
integrating own values/beliefs with parents' and society's separate from parents: key goal for men in our society related to financial and emotional support received from parents
81
What is Erikson's psychosocial stage of intimacy vs. isolation in early adulthood?
engage in a supportive, affectionate relationship someone to share life with: life partner, supportive friend without losing sense of self lack of identity is related to high divorce rate in young marriages failure: loneliness, isolation, fear of relationships
82
What is Levinson's life structures in early adulthood?
balance and conflicts in a person's roles and relationship we live through cycles of stability and instability novice phase: adjustment ("the dream") mid-era phase: reassessment and reorganization ("where is my life going") culmination phase: creation of a new life structure ("financial and emotional investment") critique: not a lot of research saying this is accurate
83
What are evolutionary theories of attraction?
cross-cultural studies suggest that men look for younger, attractive women, and women look for men with higher socioeconomic status parental investment theory: minimum investment, but also child-rearing requirements
84
What is the social role theory of attraction?
present day realities rather than natural selection pressures women's and men's mating preferences changed as women gained economic power assortative mating, homogamy: attraction similarity hypothesis and reciprocity, race and ethnicity, age, level of education, and religion
85
What is Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love?
intimacy: feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness passion: drives relating sex, physical closeness, and romance commitment: long-term determination to maintain relationship well matched if corresponding levels of passion, intimacy, and commitment be aware of jealousy
86
What is loneliness?
tends to peak during adolescence poor relationship associated with physical health and depression
87
What is the single life?
became a common Canadian lifestyle alternative and not "temporary" impact on life depends on the reason for status
88
What is cohabituation?
rise in the past years more likely to divorce life structure from cohabitation and marriage are different less homogamous (similar) less traditional and committed to values associated with marriage
89
What are characteristics of relationship satisfaction in marriage?
extraversion conscientiousness similar levels of openness similar levels of agreeableness
90
What is the role of attachment in marriage?
secure: happy and confident about the future successes of their relationship avoidant: less invested in their relationships, higher break up rates, feel lonely ambivalent/resistant: overly invested in their relationship, repeated break ups with the same partner, low self-esteem
91
What are the types of enduring and stable marriages?
validating couples: mutual respect, listening, disagreement does not escalate volatile couples: disagree/squabble a lot, but more positive than negative encounters avoidant couples: agree to disagree, no rancor, conflict minimizers
92
What the types of unsuccessful marriages?
hostile/engaged couples: frequent hot arguments, lack humor and affection hostile/detached couples: fight regularly, lack affection and support
93
What are the psychological effects of divorce?
major stressor, increases likelihood for depression
94
What are economic effects of divorce?
women are adversely affected, men improve slightly
95
What is the mixed emotional experience of parenthood?
for 92% of Canadians is the most important thing one can do parents are physically exhausted the more secure the relationship, the more resilient the parents preparation for pre- and post-natal baby care is very important
96
What is the impact of parenthood on early adults?
postpartum depression (10 to 15%), likelihood increased by major life stressors during pregnancy or after baby's birth, but best predictor is depression during the pregnancy positive behavioral changes but marital satisfaction tends to decline protective factors: education level and time as a couple before birth motherhood earnings gap