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PSYCH 223 > Death & Dying > Flashcards

Death & Dying Flashcards

1
Q

Hospice

A

an organization that treats dying patients by focusing on palliative care rather than curative treatment

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2
Q

Palliative Care

A

treatment focused n the relief of pain and suffering, not on a cure

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3
Q

Euthanasia

A

the purposeful taking of life to relieve suffering

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4
Q

Voluntary Euthanasia

A

the intentional ending of life as a result of a competent, informed person having made a personal decision to have assisted death

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5
Q

Non-Voluntary Euthanasia

A

the intentional ending of the life of a person who has not expressed his or her preference in terms of an assisted death

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6
Q

Involuntary Euthanasia

A

the intentional ending of life of a person who made an informed choice and expressed his or her refusal to have an assisted death

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7
Q

Assisted Dying

A

a self-inflicted death as a result of someone intentionally providing the knowledge or means to die by suicide

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8
Q

Terminal Sedation

A

the practice of relieving distress in the last hors or days of life with the use of sedatives

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9
Q

Living Will

A

a document, prepared when a person is well, that outlines the person’s desires concerning medical care should he or she become incapacitated or unable to speak for him/herself

it can provide directives for healthcare providers to terminate life-sustaining treatment

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10
Q

Bereavement

A

the state of deprivation brought about by the death of a family member or close friend

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11
Q

Grief

A

emotional suffering resulting from a death

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12
Q

Mourning

A

customary methods of expressing grief

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13
Q

Disenfranchised Grief

A

grief that is not acknowledged by society

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14
Q

What is death and mortality?

A

extremely influenced by our religious, cultural and personal beliefs

denial of death is embedded in Canadian culture

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15
Q

What is the First Nation, Metis, and Inuit approach to death?

A

family takes care of preparations

conduct community based ceremonies

death feasts, making traditional caskets, star blankets, and “giveaways” to commemorate the death of a loved one

rituals help with the transition

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16
Q

What is children’s understanding of death?

A

preschoolers believe death can be reversed and that death people can still breathe and feel

but direct experience with death can speed their understanding

understanding seems to increase with learning about the biology of human bodies

by school age, children seem to have grasped the permanence and universality of death but they still think they can avoid it

cultural concepts of surviving death renders death less permanent and less frightening to many children

focusing in the concrete aspects can scaffold understanding and coping

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17
Q

How can experiencing death shake a child’s sense of security and well-being?

A

may feel guilty (wishing = causing death)

may display aggressive behaviors (anger)

may display regressive behaviors

may fear death when learning about it

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18
Q

What is the meaning of death for adolescents?

A

understands the universality, permanence, and inevitability of death

however, still underestimate their own changes of death (personal fable)

adolescents who attempt suicide seem to think that death is a pleasurable experience

personal experience with death of someone close affects their perspective

if terminally ill might feel angry and cheated

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19
Q

What is the meaning of death in early adulthood?

A

sense of unique invulnerability, time in life when people feel ready to begin their own lives

come up with reasons of why someone died early (near-sainthood)

loss of opportunities experiencing new things and loss of family

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20
Q

What is the meaning of death in middle and late adulthood?

A

beyond simple understanding of universality, permanence, and inevitability of death, but does not make it easy to accept

a death changes their role in their family and relationships

loss of time to complete inner work

may fear disability/discomfort nearly as much as death

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21
Q

What is the fear of death?

A

religious beliefs frames death as transition rather than an end

people with sense of purpose in life are less fearful

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22
Q

What existential uncertainties does fear of death stem from?

A

the finality of death

the uncertainty of what follows

annihilation anxiety or fear of nonexistence

the ultimate loss

fear of pain and loneliness in dying

fear of failing to complete life work

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23
Q

What is the Kubler-Ross theory of stages of dying?

A

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

critiques: just talking about terminal illness, not other causes of death

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24
Q

What are alternative views to stages of dying?

A

type and extent of organic cerebral impairment

pain and weakness

the time or phase of the person’s life

the person’s philosophy of life (and death)

prior experiences with crises, react like earlier in life when experienced threat, failure, stress

25
What is hospital care?
70% of Canadians die in hospitals, but 75% would rather die at home curative, treat the disease, emphases on length of life some think might be their best change to keep alive
26
What is hospice palliative care?
whole-person end-of-life care spiritual and existential needs grief support for caregivers mostly happen at home palliative not curative care, quality of life versus length challenging for indigenous populations
27
What are ways to support a dying person?
gift of availability listen actively respect their social-cultural or religious beliefs and practices know about the condition show compassion give practical support and help keep in contact, communicate how are you coping?
28
What is euthanasia?
voluntary euthanasia: patient decision non-voluntary euthanasia: person has not expressed preference involuntary euthanasia: person has expressed preference
29
What is assisted dying?
different from medically assisted dying providing the means/knowledge to die by suicide
30
What is terminal sedation?
relieving distress in last moments
31
What is medically assisted dying in Canada?
be at least 18 years old and mentally competent have a grievous and irremediable medical condition (excluding mental illness) make a voluntary request for MAID that is not the result of outside pressure or influence give informed consent to receive MAID physician or nurse practitioner directly administers a substance that causes death or provides/prescribes a drug that the eligible person takes themselves
32
What is terminal decline?
decline in overall cognitive function gradual but accelerated over the course of roughly 6 years those near to death become more docile, conventional, dependent and non-introspective
33
What are living wills?
instruction directive (e.g. DNR) specific is more followed than general guidelines health-care proxy
34
What is clinical death?
heart and breathing stopped, no brain function resuscitation is still possible
35
What is brain death?
flat EEG recording whole-brain death: cessation of activity in the brain stem too
36
What is social death?
someone signs a death certificate also a legal matter
37
What do you do when someone dies?
call family doctor, police, or 911 need death certificate with cause of death autopsy might be performed
38
What is involved in making arrangements after a person dies?
burial, cremation, or placement in a mausoleum can be extremely expensive, average traditional burial in Canada costs $11, 500, should not be planned out of guilty legal and financial matters, should seek legal counsel, estates, inheritance, outstanding debts, insurance, amount owed for funeral expenses
39
What are the psychosocial functions of death rituals?
tied to religious custom and cultural traditions grant closure helps family and friends to manage their grief, tell them exactly what to do and how can strengthen family ties shared milestone for family member, organizer of past experiences and present ones
40
What is bereavement?
emotional state of longing and deprivation feelings of grief
41
What is grief?
involve combinations of emotions depression, loneliness, feelings of emptiness, disbelief and numbness, apprehension about the future, guilt, anger, relief that the deceased person is no longer suffering
42
What is mourning?
similar to grief over the death of a person but encompasses culturally appropriate way to display grief
43
How does coping with loss require time?
heightened awareness of one's own mortality can compromise well-being people grieve in different ways, early experiences of the non-acceptance of loss as the best predictors supportive social network is important grief counselling may also be useful grief might never end though
44
What is LGBTQ2S+ disenfranchised grief?
invisible grief, not seen by society stigmatized, seen as "less than" or not legit access, privileges, and rights throughout terminal illness, dying, and death can be lower
45
What is bereavement and grieving in children?
express grief like many adolescents and adults will sad facial expressions crying loss of appetite anger
46
What is bereavement and grieving in adolescents?
more likely to experience prolonged grief tendency to engage in "what if" thinking
47
How does the mode of death affect bereavement and grieving?
rational explanations allow grieving and protects from loner-term depression sudden and violent deaths evoke more intense grief responses, due to inability to find meaning in the event suicide is associated with feelings of rejection and anger, complicated by guilt feelings related to possibility of having prevented it
48
What are Bowlby's stages of grief?
was the first to propose stages shock-numbness, yearning-searching, disorganization-despair, reorganization
49
What is Kubler-Ross' theory of the terminally ill?
adapted Bowlby's theory has become generally accepted, informs any kind of loss
50
What is Jacob's stage theory of grieving?
adapted Kubler-Ross' theory numbness-disbelief, separation distress (yearning-anger-anxiety), depression-mourning, recovery
51
What is Greenberg's critique of stage models of grief?
against stage model for grieving it makes erroneous assumptions: grief follows a specific pattern, experience of grief if finite, grief occurs in stages, prolonged grief is abnormal people grieve in all different kinds of ways: regulate their emotions differently, depends on closeness of relationship
52
What is widowhood?
as general rule, the most difficult death to recover from, immediate and long effects on immune system mental health: changes are more pronounced in the year following death
53
What is the widowhood effect?
death of a spouse is soon followed by the other appears worldwide and is not influenced by cause of death risk is higher especially within 6 months of spousal death risk is somewhat decreased by remarriage
54
What is prolonged grief?
yearning for and/or preoccupation with a decreased loved one plus intense emotional pain for more than 6 months but, cultural differences on "how to properly grief" should be considered
55
How do you support a grieving person?
encourage them to take care of themselves encourage them feel their loss encourage the individual to join a bereavement support group or seek counselling reassure the individual that it takes time to come to terms with loss don't worry about what to say, simply be there
56
What is Corr's task-based approach to the stages of dying?
satisfying body needs and minimizing physical distress maximizing psychological security, autonomy, and richness of life sustaining and enhancing significant interpersonal attachments identifying, developing, or re-affirming sources of spirituality energy, fostering hope
57
What is thanatology?
scientific study of death, grief, and loss from different perspectives (physical, ethical, spiritual, medical, sociological, and psychological) death education should be part of everyone's schooling
58
What are types of death education programs?
crisis intervention education routine death education death education for helping professionals

PSYCH 223 (10 decks)

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