PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT Flashcards

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1
Q

19TH CENTUARY:

A

Found the embryonic developmental process was not a single process

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2
Q

WHAT IS SCALA NATURAE

A

A great chain of being, species are placed in a hierarchy, humans are at the top

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3
Q

WHO CREATED THE TERM SCALA NATURAE

A

Aristotle

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4
Q

RECAPITULATION THEORY:

A

The hypothesis that the embryo goes through different stages before reaching its final form of a human (e.g turtle and fish)

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5
Q

3 STAGES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

A
  1. Germinal Period (Conception - Implantation)
  2. The Period of the Embryo (Implantation - 2 months)
  3. The Period of the Fetus (2 months - Birth)
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6
Q

DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF CONCEPTION

A

Conception happens when the sperm fertilises the egg in the Fallopian tube. The zygote travels down the Fallopian tube to the uterus. The zygote continues to multiply. The mass of cells develops of centre cavity at DAY 5, this is the first form of differentiation. The zygote is now known as the Blastocyst.

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7
Q

WHAT 3 CELL DIFFERENTIATION LAYERS ARE FORMED AT 2 WEEKS

A
  1. Ectoderm - Organs
  2. Mesoderm: Muscles, bones and circulatory system
  3. Endoderm - nervous system
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8
Q

WHAT CAN CAUSE VARIATIONS FROM NORMAL DEVELOPMENT

A
  1. Genetics - cystic fibrosis, sickle cell
  2. Env Toxins - Alcohol, Radiation and Pesticides
  3. Env Nutrition - Folic Acid
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9
Q

MITOSIS

A

Parent cell turns into 2 daughter cells, 46 chromosomes in each cell

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10
Q

MEIOSIS

A

Parent cell turns into 4 daughter cells, gametes contain 23 chromosomes, half from mother half from father

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11
Q

WHAT IS ANEUPLOIDY

A

Having more or less than 46 chromosomes

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12
Q

WHAT IS THE TERM FOR HAVING MORE OR LESS CHROMOSOMES

A

Aneuploidy

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13
Q

WHAT ARE 3 CLASSES OF ANEUPLOIDY?

A
  1. Down syndrome Karyotype
  2. Edwards Syndrome Karyotype
  3. Patau Syndrome Karyotype
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14
Q

WHAT CAN VARIATIONS IN SEX CHROMOSOMES LEAD TO?

A

Ambiguous genitalia at birth

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15
Q

WHAT ARE TERATOGENS

A

Substances that cause birth defects. The CNS is vulnerable to chemical insult. Different parts of the body are vulnerable at different times.

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16
Q

THALOMIDE

A

Created in 1954 to cure headaches and morning sickness. Over 20,000 children were born with misshaped limbs. USA never approved the drug.

17
Q

FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS)

A

Pregnancy and heavy drinking = higher risk of FAS. Child has smaller brain, wide nose, difficult vision and hearing.

18
Q

DECASPER AND SPENDER 1986

A

Mothers read to baby in the womb the same story. Babies preferred the similar story, shown through faster sucking.