ENV AND CHILDHOOD ANXIETY

Question 1

ABNORMAL FEARS AND ANXIETY

Answer 1

23% of childhood hears reflect clinical anxiety disorders. Both genetic and environmental factors implicate the risk for childhood anxiety

Question 2

WHAT IS SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER?

Answer 2

Persistent fear of social situations where individuals is exposed to unfamiliar people.

Question 3

PREVALENCE ESTIMATION FOR SOCIAL ANXIETY:

Answer 3

12 Months prevalence is between 0.32% - 7%

Question 4

GENETIC FACTORS TO ANXIETY

Answer 4

Anxiety is 30% heritable but depends on the population studied. Polygenic, many genes influence anxiety.

Question 5

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS TO ANXIETY

Answer 5

Nonshared environmental factors may play a larger role than genetics. E.g Bullying, childhood illness, culture, parent illness, attachment, neglect and abuse.

Question 6

WHAT IS THE ETIOLOGICAL MODEL OF SOCIAL ANXIETY?

Answer 6

High levels of anxiety may emerge from childhood, from an interaction of genetic, environmental, proximal factors and cognitive factors. Examples: emotional regulation, poor social skills, beliefs and cognitive processes, parental and peer influences, negative life events and culture.

Question 7

WHO CAME UP WITH THE ETIOLOGICAL MODEL OF SOCIAL ANXIETY

Answer 7

Spence and Rapee 2016

Question 8

WHAT ARE THE ASSUMPTIONS OF THE ETIOLOGICAL MODEL OF SOCIAL ANXIETY?

Answer 8

1. Equifinality: different pathways and combinations result in SAD
2. Multifinality: one factor or combination might lead to SAD in one child but not another. May lead to several outcomes like depression, not just SAD.

Question 9

PARENTING INFLUENCES ON ANXIETY

Answer 9

Bidirectional effects: parenting impacts childhood anxiety and child anxiety impact parenting. Mother and father may play different roles.

Question 10

FEARED SITUATIONS FOR CHILDREN OCCURE IN…

Answer 10

The peer world

Question 11

ADVERSE SOCIAL OUTCOMES OCCUR IN…

Answer 11

School context

Question 12

AVERSIVE SOCIAL OUTCOMES:

Answer 12

Risk factor for future SAD not just a consequence.
Excessive teasing, criticism, bullying and victimisation. Tend to have fewer friends and are rated as low socially skilled.

Question 13

SOCIALLY ANXIOUS CHILDREN AND POOR PERFORMANCE

Answer 13

Poor performance leads to adverse social outcomes, reinforcing social anxiety and avoidance behaviour.

Question 14

BLOTE, MIERS AND WESTEBERG 2015

Answer 14

Examined social anxiety and judgement from peers.
Gave a speech.
High socially anxious children were rated as more rejected by peers, less attractive and less social skills.
Correlation between high anxiety and peer rejection.

Question 15

PEER INFLUENCES - CRAWFORD AND MANASIS 2011

Answer 15

Social anxiety children are more likely to experience peer victimisation. Increasing risk for future SAD.

Question 16

DIRECT/OVERT VICTIMISATION:

Answer 16

Physical and verbal bullying aimed at causing harm

Question 17

RELATIONAL VICTIMISATION:

Answer 17

Harms social standing and reputation. Withdrawal of friendships and attention.

Question 18

STORCH 2005

Answer 18

Those who had high anxiety symptoms at baseline predicted higher anxiety symptoms are a year.

Question 19

CRITICAL EVALUATION: QUALITY OF EVIDENCE

Answer 19

Sample was white middle class, unequal male and female.

Self report measures

Question 20

CONTRADICTING RESEARCH: SIEGAL 2009 & LOUKAS 2013

Answer 20

SIEGAL found peer victimisation to increase social anxiety over 2 months
LOUKAS found overt to be predicting social anxiety over 12 months.

Question 21

TRAUMA AND LIFE EVENTS

Answer 21

can increase SAD and even open up the child to more disorders. Trauma may cause SAD for one child but not the other

Question 22

GREN-LANDELL 2011

Answer 22

Swedish children relationship between stressful life events and SAD. 10% prevalence in SAD. Males: sibling/peer victimisation. Girls: all categories.

Question 23

CRITICAL EVALUATION OF TRAUMA AND SAD

Answer 23

1. focuses on adolescence as vulnerable
2. retrospective
3. all self-report data

Question 24

CULTURAL VIEW ON SAD

Answer 24

Anxiety served as an evolutionary purpose. E.g English main fear is negative evaluation (Individualistic culture) and Japanese main fear is causing offence to someone (Collectivist)