Prenatal Development Flashcards
what is epigenetics
refers to the change in gene expression that do not change DNA and can be inherited
true or false - identical twins are dizygotic twins
false - they are monozygotic
what abnormality is caused by an extra 21st chromosome resulting in 47 total chromosomes
down syndrome
what are the three types of down syndrome
trisomy 21, translocation and Mosaicism
is PKU transmitted through the recessive or dominant gene
recessive
the accumulation of what amino acid is the cause of PKU
phenylalanine
what is the treatment for PKU
there is no cure but people can be put on low phenylalanine diets , which means avoiding meat, eggs, nuts and flour
true or false - Huntington disease is curable
false - it is fatal
what is the percentage chance that the child of a parent with Huntington disease will also contract it
50/50
what are three different ways of assisted human reproduction
fertility drugs, in vitro fertilization and artificial insemination
what is the first trimester
a) 13th-24th week
b) 12 weeks
c) after the 25th week
b
in what semester can you start to see all the anatomical features of the baby
second
what are the prenatal development stages
germinal, embryonic and fetal
when does the germinal stage occur
from implantation to fertilization aka the first two weeks
which stage does cell specialization occur
geminal
what are the three layers of an embryonic cell
ecto/endo/mesoderm
match the embryonic layer to where they could be found
1) hair, teeth, nails and nervous system
2) digestive and respiratory system
3) reproductory, circulatory system and muscles
1) ectoderm
2) endoderm
3) mesoderm
true or false -the placenta develops in the geminal stage
false - it develops in the embryonic stage
what happens during the 13th-21st week of development
neuronal proliferation and response to sound
in what stage is there the refinement of organs
fetal stage
which is NOT a recessive gene disorder
Tay-Sachs, PKU, Huntingtons and Cystic fibrosis
Huntingtons is a dominant disorder
what are the 4 sex linked disordered
red-green color blindness, hemophilia, fragile X syndrome and duchenne muscular dystrophy
if a man has an extra copy of an X chromosome, what is the result
Klinfelter’s syndrome
if a female has only one X chromosome, what is the result
Turner’s syndrome
which one of these has the largest critical period during gestation
a) heart
b) CNS
c) genitalia
d) eyes
b) CNS
what are the results of cytomegalovirus
deafness, brain damage and intellectual delay
true or false - rubella is caused by teratogens
true it is a viral infection
what is a vitamin that a woman is told to take as early as possible in their pregnancy
folic acid
what is the age ranges that can cause issues such as premature birth and higher infant mortality rates
older than 35, younger than 20
true or false - sickle cell anemia is the least common in black north americans
false - it is the most common
what is the most common fatal disease in children and young adults
cystic fibrosis
explain in brief what is the cause/outcome of the recessive gene disorders
Tay sachs - genetic neurological disease causing premature death
Cystic fibrosis - fatal disorder; mucus obstructs the lungs
Hemophilia - blood does not clot properly so there is an excessive amount of bleeding
Duchenne muscular dystrophy - chronic disorder; degeneration of muscles
what are some issues that arise from older fathers
genetic mutations, autism and schizophrenia
what is amniocentesis
it is a procedure used to withdraw foetal cells from amniotic fluid in order to determine if there is anything wrong with DNA
what is the safest way to have a fetal assessment
blood test for alpha fetoprotein assay
with dizygotic and monozygotic twins adoption studies, compare the DNA and environment
different DNA and same environment ; same DNA and different environment
what are some examples in differences between midwives and OBGYN’s
midwives - provide care for low risk pregnancy ; attend births everywhere ; less need for C-section
OBGYN - treat low and high risk pregnancies ; attend births only in hospital ; more need for C-section
what are the three phases of stage 1 process of birth
dilation/effacement, active phase, transition
what part of stage 1 is called the latent phase
dilation and effacement
what is involved in stage 3 of the process of birth
delivery of placenta
what is a healthy term baby
38-40 weeks
true or false - doctors will try to induce birth when babies are post term
true
what does APGAR stand for
appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respirations
is the initial encounter between baby and mother a sensitive or critical period
it is a sensitive period
what are the benefits of skin to skin contact
regulate heartbeat and temperature
what are the 7 reflexes
sucking, rooting, moro, grasping, stepping, babinski and tonic neck
briefly explain the rooting, moro, babinski and tonic neck reflexes
rooting - moving head when someone touches their cheek
moro - extend arms/legs and project their bum when “dropped”
babinski - wiggle the fingers when foot is stroked
tonic neck - extend the arm that the head is turning to and flex the other
which of the senses is the least developed at birth
vision
which of the senses is the most developed at birth
touch
when does the crying peak and why
it peaks at 5-6 weeks ; it is called colic - it is because the digestive system has not developed 100% so there is pain
what are three concerns during postpartum
maternal depression, postpartum depression and psychosis
what kind of gene causes sickle cell anemia
recessive genes
approximately how much of the world are carriers of sickle cell disease
5%
what is the biological outcome of sickle cell diseases
red blood cells become half moon shaped and accumulate together which blocks the blood vessels, resulting in low oxygen supply
what kind of gene causes Tay Sachs
recessive gene
true or false - Tay Sachs is most common among Jewish and South Indian families
false - it is common among jewish and french canadians
1 in ___ carries the recessive gene for Tay Sachs
27 people
true or false - cystic fibrosis is caused by a dominant gene
false - recessive
approximately how much of the population is born with cystic fibrosis
1 in every 3,500 children
what is a possible treatment for cystic fibrosis
lung transplants
females with two X chromosomes are ____ to show sex linked disorders
more likely/ less likely
more likely
is red green blindness more common among Asians or Caucasians
Caucasians
what is chorionic villus sampling and is it used more than amniocentesis
it is used less frequent
it is done within the first 9-12 weeks and it where a syringe is inserted into the placenta to remove the chorionic villi which are then tested
what are kinship studies and what does it tell us
studies the distribution of a trait among relatives who differ in genetic closeness
- parents and children have the most overlap in genetic endowements
true or false - male fetuses have a higher rate of a spontaneous abortion than female fetuses
true
are sperm or ova bigger than the other
ova are much larger
approximately how many couples have difficulties conceiving
1 in 6
what are two causes of female infertility
pelvic inflammatory disease - come from a bacterial or viral infection (STDs)
endometriosis - the tissue that is supposed to shed during menstruation, accumulates in the abdomen causing lots of pain and infertility
what is a blastocyst and in what stage of development does it occur
germinal; fluid filled ball of cells that must be implanted in the uterine wall
when does miscarriages usually occur
within the first 3 months
true or false - the lower parts of the body take precedence over the growth of the head
false - other way round
what is the structure from which the nervous system develops
neural tube
what is toxemia
it is a life threatening disease for pregnant women because of very high blood pressure
what is the name of the drug used to treat insomnia and nausea in pregnant women that caused defects
thalidomide
tertaogens are most harmful during the sensitive or critical period
critical period
what is the drug that causes in an increase risk of stillbirth
cocaine
what is DES and why is it bad to be precribed
it is a strong estrogen drug that was shown to cause cancer in offspring
high doses of what vitamin are shown to result in birth defects
A and D
what are some sexually transmitted diseases that can cause miscarriage and stillbirth
HIV/AIDS and syphillis
what is the hormone that signals the mother that the baby is ready to be born
prostaglandins
what vitamin is injected into the baby at birth for blood clotting
Vitamin K
true or false - local anesthetic is given more frequently than general
true
what are the two terms that refer to the baby not receiving enough oxygen
apoxia and hypoxia
fine, downy hair is referred to as ____ and the oily substance on the skin is ___
lanugo and vernix
approximately what percent of mothers will experience the baby blues after birth
80%
if the baby scores a 7 and above on the APGAR scale, are they safe or in danger
safe
if a baby scores below a 4 on the APGAR scale, are they safe or in danger
in danger
when newborns are born are they far or nearsighted
nearsighted
when does SIDS most commonly accur
during the baby’s first year
what does PURPLE stand for
peak of, unexpected, resists, pain like, long, evening
