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PSYCH 223 > Death And Dying > Flashcards

Death And Dying Flashcards

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1
Q

How do most of Canadian society view death?

A

In denial of death, prefer not to think about their own eventual death, struggle with finding ways to grieve, avoid planning ahead for their dissolution

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2
Q

How do most of the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples view death?

A

Collectivist approach: community-based ceremonies to commemorate the death of a loved one; death feasts, traditional caskets, star blankets, “give-aways”

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3
Q

What is the difference between death and dying?

A

Death is the termination/cessation of life and is not part of life.
Dying is the universal end-stage of life when bodily processes decline which leads to death and is part of life.

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4
Q

What is brain death?

A

Basis for determining a person has died; absence of activity of the cerebral cortex (flat EEG); can continue to breathe

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5
Q

What does it mean when the cerebral cortex no longer shows signs of activity?

A

Consciousness has ceased.
Consciousness being the sense of self and all psychological functioning.

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6
Q

What is whole-brain death?

A

Death of the brain stem, which is responsible for certain automatic functions; can be kept “alive” by life-support equipment that takes over their breathing and circulation

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7
Q

In Canada, when is a person considered legally dead?

A

Irreversible cessation of breathing and circulation or when an irreversible cessation of brain activity occurs, like activity in brain stem

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8
Q

How did Elisabeth Kübler-Ross influenced the study of the process of dying?

A

She studied terminally ill patients and analyzed some important and common responses to news of impending death; hypothesized the 5 stages of dying; both younger and older people who suspect death is near may have the same responses

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9
Q

What are the 5 stages of dying?

A
  1. Denial - can be flat and absolute; “it can’t be me, the diagnosis must be wrong”; can fluctuate from acceptance of medical verdict to chatting animatedly about future plans
  2. Anger - denial gives way to anger and resentment toward the young and healthy, sometimes towards the medical establishment; “it’s unfair, why me?”; “they didn’t catch it in time”
  3. Bargaining - bargaining with a religious/culturally appropriate (omnipotent) forces to try and postpone death; promising to do good deeds if they are given another six months or year
  4. Depression - feelings of grief, loss, hopelessness at the prospect of leaving loved ones and life itself
  5. Final acceptance - inner peace or serenity may come as a quiet acceptance of the inevitable; “peace” may not be contentment as they still fear death, but they come to accept it with a sense of peace and dignity
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10
Q

What did Joan Retsinas think about the 5 stages of death?

A

She critiqued that the stages are limited to cases in which people receive a diagnosis of a terminal illness; she pointed out that people die because of their advanced years; doesn’t provide much help in understanding reactions under circumstances other than terminal illness

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11
Q

What did Edwin Shneidman say about the process of dying?

A

His research shows that individuals behave in dying more or less as they behaved during their earlier life when they experienced stress, failure, and threat; process of dying does not necessarily follow any progression of stages

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12
Q

What are the key factors that appear to affect the adjustment of the dying individual?

A

Type and extent of organic cerebral impairment; pain and weakness; time or phase of the person’s life; person’s philosophy of life (and death); prior experience with crises

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13
Q

How many Canadians would prefer to die in their home?

A

75%

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14
Q

How many Canadians die in a hospital?

A

70%

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15
Q

What was the concern regarding “Erlangen Baby”?

A

The ethics surrounding keeping a brain-dead mother’s body alive in order to hold the fetus until it’s born

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16
Q

What are the functions of hospitals?

A

Treat diseases; provide social workers and psychosocial support services

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17
Q

What are hospices?

A

A homelike atmosphere to help terminally ill patients approach death with a maximum of dignity and a minimum of pain and discomfort; usually provided in hospitals, nursing facilities, hospice centres, but mostly in patient’s home; provide more control over decision making compared to hospitals

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18
Q

35-40% of Canadians will have access to or will receive hospice, palliative care, and end-of-life services
True or False?

A

False, only 16-30%

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19
Q

What do hospice workers do?

A

Provide physical, medical, spiritual, and emotional support to the patient and their entire family

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of hospice care?

A

24-hour palliative care, to control pain and symptoms so patients can live fully and comfortably; treats person and not the disease, addressing the medical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual needs of patients, family, and friends; emphasizes on quality rather than length of life

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21
Q

What are the ways to support someone with a life-threatening illness?

A
  • Give the gift of availability: hospital or home visits, sharing activities that are manageable for the dying person, respecting need for alone time, acknowledging energy levels
  • Listen actively: having open discussions about illness and death at the person’s discretion, providing a safe place free off criticism, judgement, and advice-giving
  • Respect their social-cultural or religious beliefs and practices: listen to and respect the person’s beliefs and values about how life should be lived, funerary rites, and afterlife
  • Know about the condition: educate yourself about the illness to understand it better
  • Show compassion: provide time and space for the person to express their feelings, “Walking with and not behind or in front”
  • Give practical support and help: practical way to show support and care by making food, washing clothes, cleaning the house, and driving them to appointments
  • Keep in contact; communicate: writing emails, texts, letters, and phone calls or videos to show you care and have them on your mind
  • How are you coping: think about what you feel about the illness of your sick friend or family member, needing someone to talk through your feelings and thoughts
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22
Q

What is euthanasia?

A

“Good death”; “mercy killing”; purposeful taking of a person’s life through gentle or painless means to relieve them of their pain or suffering; patient has an incurable illness

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23
Q

What does the term “dying with dignity” means?

A

Patient’s dying following the guidelines they specified in advance, like how they should be cared for near and at the end of life

24
Q

What are the three types of euthanasia?

A
  • Voluntary: subject us competent, informed, and voluntarily asks for their life to be ended
  • Non-voluntary: subject has not expressed their preference in terms of assisted death
  • involuntary: subject has made an informed choice and expressed refusal of assisted death
25
Q

How does assisted dying differ from medically assisted dying?

A

Assisted dying is death that is self-inflected as a result of someone else intentionally providing the knowledge or means to die by suicide

26
Q

What is terminal sedation?

A

Medical practice of relieving distress in a terminally ill patient in the last hours or days of his or her life; delivered through IV transfusion of a sedative drug

27
Q

Under Canadian Law, a “competent adult person” should satisfy which two things to qualify for medically assisted death?

A
  • clearly consents to the termination of life
  • has a grievous and irremediable medical condition (illness, disease, disability) that causes enduring suffering that is intolerable in the circumstances of their condition
28
Q

What is a living will?

A

Healthcare directive; legal document people draft when they are well; can indicate whether to use aggressive medical procedures or life-support equipment; must be drafted in accordance with provincial or territorial laws

29
Q

When does a living will take effect?

A

When patients are unable to speak for themselves

30
Q

When do children’s’ thinking become more realistic?

A

Ages 4-6; when they learn more about the biology of the human body and how organs contribute to the process of life

31
Q

True or false: Adults may feel guilty because of the mistaken belief that they brought about the death by once wishing for a person to die

A

False, it’s older children

32
Q

True or false: Children may revert to “baby talk” because of the death of a loved one

A

True

33
Q

True or false: Adolescents speak of death in terms of concepts such as light, darkness, transition, and nothingness

A
34
Q

True or false: Adults continue to engage in riskier behaviours than adolescents do

A

False, it’s the other way around

35
Q

What are the leading causes of death in early adulthood?

A

Accidents and suicide

36
Q

What are the leading causes of death in middle adulthood?

A

Heart disease and cancer

37
Q

True or false: heart disease and cancer are the leading causes of death in late adulthood

A

True, it is the same as in middle adulthood

38
Q

In late adulthood, what do social and emotional development theorists suggest about ego transcendence?

A

This enables people to begin to face death with an inner calm

39
Q

What happens when someone dies?

A
  1. Complete death certificate/determine cause of death
  2. Arrangements for burial, cremation, or placement in a mausoleum
    * unexpected death/suspected foul play - autopsy to determine cause and circumstances of death
40
Q

What do funerals provide?

A

A ritual for grieving publicly and saying farewell to the person who died; grant closure to help with moving on

41
Q

What guidelines should be consider when arranging a funeral?

A

Decisions based on reason and good sense; ask funeral homes about services and costs; awareness of unreasonably priced and unnecessary fees that cemeteries charge; avoiding expensive caskets

42
Q

True or false: families should seek legal counsel to protect their own financial interests and for guidance on handling deceased person’s affairs

A

True; attorneys help settle the estate

43
Q

What is bereavement?

A

Emotional state of longing and deprivation characterized by feelings of grief and a deep sense of loss

44
Q

What is grief and mourning?

A

Grief: emotional suffering resulting from death
Mourning is the same as grief but also describes culturally prescribed ways of displaying grief

45
Q

True or false: In England and North America, widows are often still expected to wear black for the remainder of their lives

A

False, this is common in rural parts of Mexico, Italy, and Greece; England and NA replaced black with joyous colours to celebrate life

46
Q

What is disenfranchised grief?

A

Grief that is not acknowledged by society; occur for LGBTQ people; loss and grieving deemed as “less than” / stigamtize

47
Q

True or false: Grieving lasts for 6-12 months after the loss of a loved one

A

False, there is no fixed period of time for how long it should last

48
Q

True or false: Early non-acceptance indicates a much higher likelihood if prolonged grief response

A

True

49
Q

True or false: Grief can compromise well-being, making people vulnerable to illness and disease

A

True

50
Q

True or false: Grief is just a feeling of depression

A

False, it’s a combination of emotions like depression, loneliness, emptiness, disbelief, numbness, guilt, and even anger

51
Q

What did John Bowlby do?

A

Attachment theorist; first to propose a stage theory of grief for coping with bereavement; includes four stages: shock-numbness, yearning-searching, disorganization-despair, reorganization

52
Q

What did Elisabeth Kübler-Ross?

A

Adapted Bowlby’s stage theory into the 5 stages of grief: denial-isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

53
Q

How did Jacobs modify Kübler-Ross’s stage theory if grief?

A

Jacobs included numbness-disbelief, separation distress (yearning-anger-anxiety), depression-mourning, recovery

54
Q

How did Paul Maciejewski and his colleagues test Jacob’s theory and what did they conclude?

A

Measured bereaved individuals disbelief, yearning, anger, depression, and acceptance 1 to 24 months after their loss; they concluded that the feelings arose in predicted order

55
Q

Who is McClintock Greenberg?

A

Argued against the stage model of grieving and loss; assumptions about grief having a specific pattern, being finite, occurring in stages, prolonged grief as abnormal; “normal” grief vs “wrong way” to grieve

56
Q

What can you do to support a grieving person?

A

-encourage them to take care of themselves
-encourage them to feel their loss
-encourage them to join a bereavement support group or seek counselling
-reassure them that it takes time to come to terms with loss

PSYCH 223 (11 decks)

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