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PSYCH 223 > Early Childhood Part 1 > Flashcards

Early Childhood Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the ages of early childhood

A

2-6 years old

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2
Q

in a year, how much can children gain in height and weight

A

5-8cm and 2-3kg

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3
Q

true or false - boys can become taller and heavier than girls

A

true

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4
Q

what part of the body develops the quickest in early childhood

A

the brain

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5
Q

at 2 years of age, the brain already is __% of its adult weight

a) 75%
b) 90%
c) 60%

A

a

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6
Q

at 5 years of age, the brain is __% of its adult weight

a) 75%
b) 90%
c) 45%

A

b

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7
Q

what is the reason as to why the brain size continues to increase

A

the constant myelination of nerve fibres

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8
Q

at what ages does the part of the brain become increasingly myelinated

A

4-7 years old

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9
Q

describe what the right and left hemisphere is involved in

A

right - visual spatial functions, emotions, understanding metaphors
left - problem solving, language, intellectual analysis

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10
Q

name and define the connection between hemispheres

A

corpus callosum - a thick bundle of nerve fibres

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11
Q

when is plasticity at its greatest

A

1-2 years old

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12
Q

true or false - as we grow older, plasticity increases

A

false - it decreases

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13
Q

describe the gross motor skills from ages 2-6

A

2 years old - runs straight, jumps, stand/hop on one foot couple times
3 years old - obstacle running, climbs at the park, stands on one foot properly, muscular strength
4 years old - jumps from a high height, climb ladders, skips on one foot, overhand throwing
5 years old - ride bike with training wheels, one handed catch, skips
6 years old - riding a bike, coordination and balance

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14
Q

during what ages does restlessness decrease

A

2-3 years old

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15
Q

describe the fine motor skills from ages 2-6 years old

A

2 years old - build tower of 6 cubes, copies lines, place shapes in holes
3 years old - build tower of 9 cubes, copies circles, copies letters
4 years old - copies squares, correct grip to write, fold paper 3 times
5 years old - tie shoes, copies triangle and star, prints name and numbers

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16
Q

what does left handedness seem to be related to in relation to language problems

A

dyslexia and stuttering

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17
Q

how much of the population is left handed

A

12%

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18
Q

what is today’s generation referred to

A

Generation XL

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19
Q

most of the children (8-9 million) dies from…

A

pneumonia, diarrhea, measles, tetanus, whooping cough and tuberculosis

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20
Q

what is the number one cause of death for preschool children

A

cancer

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21
Q

true or false - in early childhood, the number one cause of death is asthma

A

false - motor vehicle accidents

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22
Q

how many hours of sleep do toddlers need

A

12-14 hours

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23
Q

list the three sleeping disorders in early childhood

A

sleepwalking, nightmares and sleep terrors

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24
Q

describe the differences between sleep terrors and nightmares

A

nightmares occur during REM sleep
sleep terrors are more extreme and occur during non REM sleep/deep sleep

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25
Q

__% of dreams happen during __ sleep

A

80%, REM

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26
Q

true or false - sleepwalking is more common among adults

A

false - it is more common in children

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27
Q

what is another word for sleepwalking

A

somnambulism

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28
Q

what is the most common ages that children are toilet trained

A

2-3 years old

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29
Q

what makes a child enuretic

A

if they wet themselves more than twice a week after 5 years old

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30
Q

during what stage of sleep does sleepwalking occur

A

deep sleep

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31
Q

true or false - bed wetting is twice as likely in boys than girls

A

true

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32
Q

define encopresis

A

lack of control of bowels

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33
Q

what is symbolic thought and why is it important

A

use of symbols to represent objects and relationships - pretend play
it tells us about the child’s cognitive sophistication and its ability to influence future academic performance, creativity and social skills

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34
Q

give an example of the most common type of pretend play

A

imaginary friends

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35
Q

when is imaginary friends the most common

A

first borns or only child

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36
Q

what are the benefits of imaginary friends

A

children might have more real friends, more cooperative, less aggressive, and more creative

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37
Q

what is considered a consequence of one dimensional thinking

A

egocentrism

38
Q

define egocentrism

A

putting oneself at the center of things such that one is unable to perceive the world from anyone else’s point of view

39
Q

piaget used the ______ to learn if egocentrism prevents children from sharing viewpoints of others
what were the results

A

three mountain test and the results showed that 5-6 year olds only selected photos that corresponded to their own perspective

40
Q

define transductive reasoning

A

faulty reasoning that links one isolated event to another completely different isolated event

41
Q

_____ is the attribution of life, feelings and intentions to inanimate objects

a) animism
b) artificialism
c) scaffolding

A

b

42
Q

what is class inclusion and how did Piaget test this theory
provide an example

A

inclusion of new objects in broader mental categories/classes
class inclusion tasks - child is shown several photos from two sub classes of a general class
example : four cats and six dogs , child is asked if there are more animals or dogs -> they will say there is more dogs

43
Q

____ is the temporary support provided by a caregiver to help with learning

A

scaffolding

44
Q

what are the controversial opinions on screen time in children and what do researchers suggest

A

the amount of screentime and the type of content influences the consequences
- early screentime -> less effortful interactive experiences -> social skill deficits -> bullying -> victimization
researchers suggests that parents should limit the number of hours in screentime but also consider educational programming

45
Q

what were the results of Astington’s study in regards to theory of mind

A

it tells us that preschoolers have the ability to accurately predict and explain human action and emotion in terms of mental states

46
Q

true or false - kids who have an understanding of the theory of mind tend to be better at communication

A

true

47
Q

at what age do children understand senses and the information they can provide

A

4 years old

48
Q

what is appearance reality distinction and when does it develop

A

it is the difference between real events and fantasies and mental events ; this can develop by 7-8 years old

49
Q

what is the name of memories of specific episodes or events

A

Autobiographical memory

50
Q

true or false - preschoolers learn about 20 new words a day

A

false - 9 new words a day

51
Q

when does a grammar explosion occur and why is it important

A

3 years old - during this time, children’s sentences usually expands to include words missing in telegraphic speech

52
Q

true or false - overregularization reflects faulty language development

A

false - it reflects accurate knowledge of grammar

53
Q

what is an example of phonological awareness

A

nursery rhymes

54
Q

what is the term used for manners, communication and social cues

A

pragmatics

55
Q

briefly explain the “what came first, language or thought”

(name the three people important to this development)

A

piaget believed thought came first
sapir-whorf hypothesis - language determines thought
vygotsky - interactionist - private speech -> inner speech
Present day - we believe language tends to influence the cognitive development

56
Q

what is the recommended screen time usage by the Canadian pediatric society

A

less than 1 hour

57
Q

IQ is correlated with…

A

school success

58
Q

what are the limitations to the IQ test

A

not a good reference for street smart, manners, insight

59
Q

what is the range for average scores on the IQ test

A

85-115

60
Q

true or false - IQ tests are usually genetic

A

true

61
Q

true or false - heredity determines the range of IQ scores

A

false - it determines the absolute score

62
Q

briefly explain the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage

A
  • part of erikson’s psychosocial development
  • 19 months to 3 years
  • physical and self care
    autonomy is developed if allowed to explore
    shame if restricted
63
Q

what does Bowlby say in phase 4 of the stages of attachment

A

it occurs in 3 year olds
- goal corrected partnership
- can grow even with absence
- transactional objects (messages, memos, phone calls)

64
Q

what is the most popular parenting style in canada; give %

A

50% of canadian parents are authoritative

65
Q

what is the least used parenting style in Canada; give %

A

15% of canadian parents are neglectful

66
Q

name the Triple P’s

A

positive parenting program

67
Q

define the difference between authoritiative and authoritarian

A

authoritiative - clear limits and reasonable with children aka warm/demanding/accepting

authoritarian - cold/unaccepting/demanding /controlling/punitive

68
Q

define permissive parenting style

A

warm/accepting/understanding but inconsistent feedback

69
Q

match the child rearing outcomes to the parent style

independent, high self confidence, high activity level

A

authoritative

70
Q

match the child rearing outcomes to the parent style

substance abuse, misconduct, detatched

A

neglecting/rejecting

71
Q

match the child rearing outcomes to the parent style

dependent, low social confidence, anxious, defiant

A

authoritarian

72
Q

true or false - a child’s development is more impacted by the family structure

A

false - it is more impacted by how parents interact

73
Q

what are the issues that a child may experience if their parent’s get divorced

A

behavioral and academic difficulties, emotional distress

74
Q

true or false - first borns are more popular among their peers

A

false - second borns are

75
Q

name some characteristics of a first born

A

-more motivated to achieve
- more anxious
-more cooperative

76
Q

what does the inductive approach do

A

it helps the child understand moral behaviors and fosters prosocial behaviors

77
Q

true or false - there are more father lone households

A

false - there are more mother lone households

78
Q

at age 6, children start showing preferences for a playmate

A

no, at age 2

79
Q

true or false - at age 2, the child engages in games like follow the leader

A

true

80
Q

true or false - the less busy the toy, the more imagination needed

A

true

81
Q

at what age do children engage in parallel play and what does this entail

A

18 months - play side by side but with different toys

82
Q

at what age do children engage in associative play and what does this entail

A

24 months - likes to play alone but sometimes transitions to play with others

83
Q

when do children start to play with puzzles or board games

A

3-4 years

84
Q

what are the 4 stages of play theorized by Piaget

A
  1. functional - rolling a ball
  2. symbolic - pretend play, dramatic play, create their own characters
  3. constructive - use objects to draw or make a tower
  4. formal games - board games, hopscotch, puzzles
85
Q

at what age does aggression become hostile and person oriented

A

6-7 years old

86
Q

testosterone is related to

a) low confidence
b) aggressiveness
c) high activity levels
d) c and b
e) a and b

A

d

87
Q

briefly explain the Albert Bandura study

A

his experiment involved one group of children who watched an adult hit a BOBO doll and one group of children who watched an aggression free film
- the experimental group showed more aggressive behavior after being put in the room with the BOBO doll

88
Q

what are the 5 ways in which depictions of violence contribute to actual violence

A
  1. observational learning
  2. disinhibition
  3. increased arousal
  4. priming of aggressive thoughts
  5. habituation
89
Q

what are the two evaluative judgments they make about themselves at the age of 6 years old

A
  1. their cognitive and physical competence
  2. social acceptance from their peers and parents
90
Q

when do the number of fears peak in children

A

between 2.5 and 4 years old

91
Q

what are the differences between fear in preschoolers and young children

A

preschoolers - dark, imaginary creatures, strange people, insects, blood, lightning
young children - images and stories of fantasies they are told

PSYCH 223 (11 decks)

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