Early Childhood Part 1 Flashcards
what are the ages of early childhood
2-6 years old
in a year, how much can children gain in height and weight
5-8cm and 2-3kg
true or false - boys can become taller and heavier than girls
true
what part of the body develops the quickest in early childhood
the brain
at 2 years of age, the brain already is __% of its adult weight
a) 75%
b) 90%
c) 60%
a
at 5 years of age, the brain is __% of its adult weight
a) 75%
b) 90%
c) 45%
b
what is the reason as to why the brain size continues to increase
the constant myelination of nerve fibres
at what ages does the part of the brain become increasingly myelinated
4-7 years old
describe what the right and left hemisphere is involved in
right - visual spatial functions, emotions, understanding metaphors
left - problem solving, language, intellectual analysis
name and define the connection between hemispheres
corpus callosum - a thick bundle of nerve fibres
when is plasticity at its greatest
1-2 years old
true or false - as we grow older, plasticity increases
false - it decreases
describe the gross motor skills from ages 2-6
2 years old - runs straight, jumps, stand/hop on one foot couple times
3 years old - obstacle running, climbs at the park, stands on one foot properly, muscular strength
4 years old - jumps from a high height, climb ladders, skips on one foot, overhand throwing
5 years old - ride bike with training wheels, one handed catch, skips
6 years old - riding a bike, coordination and balance
during what ages does restlessness decrease
2-3 years old
describe the fine motor skills from ages 2-6 years old
2 years old - build tower of 6 cubes, copies lines, place shapes in holes
3 years old - build tower of 9 cubes, copies circles, copies letters
4 years old - copies squares, correct grip to write, fold paper 3 times
5 years old - tie shoes, copies triangle and star, prints name and numbers
what does left handedness seem to be related to in relation to language problems
dyslexia and stuttering
how much of the population is left handed
12%
what is today’s generation referred to
Generation XL
most of the children (8-9 million) dies from…
pneumonia, diarrhea, measles, tetanus, whooping cough and tuberculosis
what is the number one cause of death for preschool children
cancer
true or false - in early childhood, the number one cause of death is asthma
false - motor vehicle accidents
how many hours of sleep do toddlers need
12-14 hours
list the three sleeping disorders in early childhood
sleepwalking, nightmares and sleep terrors
describe the differences between sleep terrors and nightmares
nightmares occur during REM sleep
sleep terrors are more extreme and occur during non REM sleep/deep sleep
__% of dreams happen during __ sleep
80%, REM
true or false - sleepwalking is more common among adults
false - it is more common in children
what is another word for sleepwalking
somnambulism
what is the most common ages that children are toilet trained
2-3 years old
what makes a child enuretic
if they wet themselves more than twice a week after 5 years old
during what stage of sleep does sleepwalking occur
deep sleep
true or false - bed wetting is twice as likely in boys than girls
true
define encopresis
lack of control of bowels
what is symbolic thought and why is it important
use of symbols to represent objects and relationships - pretend play
it tells us about the child’s cognitive sophistication and its ability to influence future academic performance, creativity and social skills
give an example of the most common type of pretend play
imaginary friends
when is imaginary friends the most common
first borns or only child
what are the benefits of imaginary friends
children might have more real friends, more cooperative, less aggressive, and more creative
what is considered a consequence of one dimensional thinking
egocentrism
define egocentrism
putting oneself at the center of things such that one is unable to perceive the world from anyone else’s point of view
piaget used the ______ to learn if egocentrism prevents children from sharing viewpoints of others
what were the results
three mountain test and the results showed that 5-6 year olds only selected photos that corresponded to their own perspective
define transductive reasoning
faulty reasoning that links one isolated event to another completely different isolated event
_____ is the attribution of life, feelings and intentions to inanimate objects
a) animism
b) artificialism
c) scaffolding
b
what is class inclusion and how did Piaget test this theory
provide an example
inclusion of new objects in broader mental categories/classes
class inclusion tasks - child is shown several photos from two sub classes of a general class
example : four cats and six dogs , child is asked if there are more animals or dogs -> they will say there is more dogs
____ is the temporary support provided by a caregiver to help with learning
scaffolding
what are the controversial opinions on screen time in children and what do researchers suggest
the amount of screentime and the type of content influences the consequences
- early screentime -> less effortful interactive experiences -> social skill deficits -> bullying -> victimization
researchers suggests that parents should limit the number of hours in screentime but also consider educational programming
what were the results of Astington’s study in regards to theory of mind
it tells us that preschoolers have the ability to accurately predict and explain human action and emotion in terms of mental states
true or false - kids who have an understanding of the theory of mind tend to be better at communication
true
at what age do children understand senses and the information they can provide
4 years old
what is appearance reality distinction and when does it develop
it is the difference between real events and fantasies and mental events ; this can develop by 7-8 years old
what is the name of memories of specific episodes or events
Autobiographical memory
true or false - preschoolers learn about 20 new words a day
false - 9 new words a day
when does a grammar explosion occur and why is it important
3 years old - during this time, children’s sentences usually expands to include words missing in telegraphic speech
true or false - overregularization reflects faulty language development
false - it reflects accurate knowledge of grammar
what is an example of phonological awareness
nursery rhymes
what is the term used for manners, communication and social cues
pragmatics
briefly explain the “what came first, language or thought”
(name the three people important to this development)
piaget believed thought came first
sapir-whorf hypothesis - language determines thought
vygotsky - interactionist - private speech -> inner speech
Present day - we believe language tends to influence the cognitive development
what is the recommended screen time usage by the Canadian pediatric society
less than 1 hour
IQ is correlated with…
school success
what are the limitations to the IQ test
not a good reference for street smart, manners, insight
what is the range for average scores on the IQ test
85-115
true or false - IQ tests are usually genetic
true
true or false - heredity determines the range of IQ scores
false - it determines the absolute score
briefly explain the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage
- part of erikson’s psychosocial development
- 19 months to 3 years
- physical and self care
autonomy is developed if allowed to explore
shame if restricted
what does Bowlby say in phase 4 of the stages of attachment
it occurs in 3 year olds
- goal corrected partnership
- can grow even with absence
- transactional objects (messages, memos, phone calls)
what is the most popular parenting style in canada; give %
50% of canadian parents are authoritative
what is the least used parenting style in Canada; give %
15% of canadian parents are neglectful
name the Triple P’s
positive parenting program
define the difference between authoritiative and authoritarian
authoritiative - clear limits and reasonable with children aka warm/demanding/accepting
authoritarian - cold/unaccepting/demanding /controlling/punitive
define permissive parenting style
warm/accepting/understanding but inconsistent feedback
match the child rearing outcomes to the parent style
independent, high self confidence, high activity level
authoritative
match the child rearing outcomes to the parent style
substance abuse, misconduct, detatched
neglecting/rejecting
match the child rearing outcomes to the parent style
dependent, low social confidence, anxious, defiant
authoritarian
true or false - a child’s development is more impacted by the family structure
false - it is more impacted by how parents interact
what are the issues that a child may experience if their parent’s get divorced
behavioral and academic difficulties, emotional distress
true or false - first borns are more popular among their peers
false - second borns are
name some characteristics of a first born
-more motivated to achieve
- more anxious
-more cooperative
what does the inductive approach do
it helps the child understand moral behaviors and fosters prosocial behaviors
true or false - there are more father lone households
false - there are more mother lone households
at age 6, children start showing preferences for a playmate
no, at age 2
true or false - at age 2, the child engages in games like follow the leader
true
true or false - the less busy the toy, the more imagination needed
true
at what age do children engage in parallel play and what does this entail
18 months - play side by side but with different toys
at what age do children engage in associative play and what does this entail
24 months - likes to play alone but sometimes transitions to play with others
when do children start to play with puzzles or board games
3-4 years
what are the 4 stages of play theorized by Piaget
- functional - rolling a ball
- symbolic - pretend play, dramatic play, create their own characters
- constructive - use objects to draw or make a tower
- formal games - board games, hopscotch, puzzles
at what age does aggression become hostile and person oriented
6-7 years old
testosterone is related to
a) low confidence
b) aggressiveness
c) high activity levels
d) c and b
e) a and b
d
briefly explain the Albert Bandura study
his experiment involved one group of children who watched an adult hit a BOBO doll and one group of children who watched an aggression free film
- the experimental group showed more aggressive behavior after being put in the room with the BOBO doll
what are the 5 ways in which depictions of violence contribute to actual violence
- observational learning
- disinhibition
- increased arousal
- priming of aggressive thoughts
- habituation
what are the two evaluative judgments they make about themselves at the age of 6 years old
- their cognitive and physical competence
- social acceptance from their peers and parents
when do the number of fears peak in children
between 2.5 and 4 years old
what are the differences between fear in preschoolers and young children
preschoolers - dark, imaginary creatures, strange people, insects, blood, lightning
young children - images and stories of fantasies they are told
