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PSYCH 223 > Infancy > Flashcards

Infancy Flashcards

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1
Q

what is thrive syndrome

A

hard for babies to gain weight

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2
Q

what is the term used for babies to catch up to their biological makeup

A

canalization

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3
Q

is brain development a critical or sensitive period

A

a sensitive period

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4
Q

what are the cyclical states of consciousness

A

deep sleep, lighter sleep, awake, fusiness and drowsiness

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5
Q

when babies are born, do they develop a circadian rhythm right away

A

no , around 6 months they do

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6
Q

true or false - babies need a lot of REM sleep

A

true

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7
Q

what are the approximate ages and associated locomotor skills for babies

A

3m - rolling over
6m - moving around
7m - sitting with no support
8m - standing with no support
9m - crawling
11m - standing alone
12-15m - walking
17m - walking up steps
2 years old - jumping

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8
Q

what are the approximate ages and associated fine motor skills for babies

A

3m - opens hand, grasps things
8m - grasps with with thumb and finger
11m - hold crayon
14m - builds tower of two cubes
16m - puts pegs in board
2 years - can imitate lines on paper

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9
Q

what are the approximate ages and associated non locomotor skills for babies

A

1m - follows slow moving objects (mobile)
3m - can lift head at 90 degree angle
5m - can hold head while sitting
12m - plays patty cake
13-18m - rolls balls and claps
2 years - jump with both feet

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10
Q

what are the benefits of breastfeeding

A

lower risk for chronic diseases ; better gut microbiota and immune system ; the milk is rich with rich nutrients

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11
Q

what does malnutrition result from

A

lack of macronutrients (carbs and proteins) and micronutrients (vitamins)

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12
Q

what is the name of the diseases that are a result of a lack of macronutrients

A

Marasmus and Kwashiokor

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13
Q

true or false - visual acuity is fully developed by 1 years old

A

false - it is fully developed by 7 years old

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14
Q

what is the name of the experiment used to understand a baby’s depth perception

A

Visual cliff

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15
Q

true or false - high pitched sound needs to be softer to be heard by babies

A

false - they need to be louder

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16
Q

at what age does a baby’s idea of sound location become adult level

A

1-2 years old

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17
Q

do infants have an innate sweet or savory preference

A

sweet

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18
Q

what is the best developed sense as a baby

A

touch

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19
Q

true or false - infants experience pain

A

true

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20
Q

what does Piaget believe intelligence is

A

it has to do with how well we adapt to the environment and other factors

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21
Q

what are schemes

A

they are mental structures that categorize similar information

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22
Q

equilibration = ____ plus _____

A

assimilation and accommodation

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23
Q

what are the stages of sensoriomotor

A

simple reflex - 0 to 1 month
primary circular reactions - 1 to 4 months
secondary circular reactions - 4 to 8 months
coordination of circular reactions - 8 to 12 months
tertiary circular reactions - 12 to 18 months
beginning of mental representations - 18 to 24 months

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24
Q

when does goal directed behavior show up

A

8 to 12 months

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25
Q

when does experimenting occur

A

12 to 18 months

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26
Q

what is the definition of object permanence

A

just because you don’t see something does not mean it does not exist

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27
Q

what are the substages of object permanence

A
  1. absence
  2. rudimentary
  3. look for partially hidden objects (6mos)
  4. look for hidden objects (8-12 mos)
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28
Q

describe the Piaget’s stages of imitation

A
  1. lack of imitation
  2. sporadic imitation
  3. beginning to imitate visible movements and sounds that are already part of their skills
  4. imitates movements that are not visible; imitates new sounds
  5. imitates new models that are invisible
  6. deferred imitation - a parent will complete an action and then after a period of time, the child will imitate the same action
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29
Q

what is a critique of Piaget’s theory

A
  1. object permanence and deferred imitation can actually occur a lot earlier than what he believed
  2. he does not speak about the possible external factors on development
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30
Q

give the term used to describe our inability to remember things from before we were 2 years old

A

infantile amnesia

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31
Q

explain the carolyn rovee collier experiment and what does it tell us

A

it tells us that infants learn quickly, remember things from awhile ago and are able to retrieve information from their memory

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32
Q

_____ can remember actions after TWO WEEKS

2 months, 3 months, 5 months or 6 months

A

6 months

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33
Q

_____ can remember actions/objects after A WEEK

2 months, 3 months, 5 months or 6 months

A

3 months

34
Q

what is the Fagan test

A

it is used to asses visual recognition, information processing and habituation

35
Q

define habituation

A

a decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented multiple times

36
Q

other than the Fangan test what is another way to test children

A

Bayley scales of infant and toddler development

37
Q

what is the language of babies from birth to 3 months

A

crying and cooing

38
Q

what is the language of babies from 4 to 6 months

A

single syllable babbling

39
Q

what is the language of babies from 9 to 12 months

A

variegated babbling (stringing different syllables together) , intentional understanding, meaningful gestures, culturally listening

40
Q

what is the language of babies from 6 to 8 months

A

babbling that has syllables resemble actual words, recognize words in sentences

41
Q

what is the language of babies from 12 to 18 months

A

two word utterances; saying a word and then pointing to the actual object; understanding everything said

42
Q

what is the language of babies from 18 to 2 years old

A

multi word utterances, pivot schemas, telegraphic speech

43
Q

define the differences between referential and expressive style

A

referential is usually common among first borns and they use language mainly to label objects

expressive is usually common among second borns and they use language to express their emotions and needs of others

44
Q

explain trust vs mistrust

A

trust - babies have a sense of hope and feel like their needs are being fulfilled

mistrust - babies have difficulty forming bonds and see the world as unfriendly

45
Q

who proposed a definition of the attachment theory

A

bowlby

46
Q

what are the stages of attachment

A

phase 1 - 0 to 12 weeks - > will signal but with no preference of the figure
phase 2 - 3 to 6 months - > signals but with preference of the figure
phase 3 - 6 months to 3 years - > makes sure they are close in proximity to the preferable figure
phase 4 - later than 3 years - > goal corrected partnership

47
Q

what are the two types of attachment patterns

A

secure - seeks for closeness and contact
insecure - > anxious-ambivalent - resist contact
- > anxious-avoidant - avoiding closeness
- > disorganized

48
Q

what are examples of the roles of a primary caregiver

A

sensitivity, awareness of moods, provide appropriate responses, interpersonal synchrony

49
Q

who proposed the idea that there are easy and difficult babies

A

thomas and chess

50
Q

what are the characteristics that determine a baby’s temperament profile

A

activity level, anxiety, positive emotionality, sociability, irritability, anger, task persistance

51
Q

what are the skills that lack with Autism

A

communication and social interaction skills

52
Q

what are some of the causes of autism

A

genetics, neonatal environment, age of parents, low weight at birth

53
Q

describe the three selfs of self concept

A

subjective self - differentiation between themselves and the environment ; fully developed at 8 to 12 months but can start at birth

objective/categorical self - understanding of their unique properties ; developed between 18 to 24 months

emotional self - understanding of their own and others’ emotions in the first couple months of their life

54
Q

how can you test the objective/categorical self

A

put something on the baby’s nose and if the baby tries to take the thing off their nose then that means they are aware of what is supposed to be on their body and what does not

55
Q

what part of child care matters the most

A

quality of care and the parental satisfaction with their situation

56
Q

true or false - girls are more fussier and active than boys

A

false - boys are

57
Q

true or false - North american moms really care about the baby’s security

A

true

58
Q

what is the cause of multiple sclerosis

A

myelin is replaced by hard , fibrous tissue that can prevent proper neural transmission, therefore lack of muscle control

59
Q

briefly explain the roles of the cerebellum, medulla and cerebrum

A

cerebellum - maintain balance, eye movements and sensations
cerebrum - memory, thought, learning
medulla - basic functions like breathing and heart beat

60
Q

what is the causes of the first and second growth spurt

A

the first growth spurt is because of the formation of neurons
second growth spurt is due to the proliferation of dendrites

61
Q

what is a good age to give babies rattles and mobiles for them to grasp

A

4-6 months

62
Q

when is a baby considered a toddler

A

12-15 months which is when they can walk by themselves

63
Q

what are primary, secondary and tertiary circular reactions

A

primary focuses on the infant’s own body
secondary focuses on external and environmental events
tertiary focuses on purposeful schemas to specific situations

64
Q

what is the term used to refer to the repetition of syllables

A

echolalia

65
Q

what is intonation

A

the use of varying levels of pitch to help communicate meaning

66
Q

difference between receptive and expressive vocabulary

A

receptive is the number of words a person understands
expressive is the number of words a person can actually use

67
Q

what is a normal age range for a child’s first word

A

8-18 months

68
Q

true or false - children between the ages of 1 to 2 years old have a rapid burst in vocabulary

A

true

69
Q

differences between reference and expressive language

A

reference refers to the use of language to mainly label objects
expressive refers to the use of language to engage in social interactions

70
Q

what is an example of a holophrase and why

A

mama - it can be used for various meanings like “come here mama”, look here mama”, etc…

71
Q

what is the term used for a type of speech where only the important words are used

A

telegraphic speech

72
Q

attachment occurs during the sensitive or critical period

A

critical

73
Q

what is the name of the smile given in response to a human face or voice

A

social smile

74
Q

what are the names of the stages of attchment

A
  1. pre attachment phase
  2. attachment in the making
  3. clear cut attachment
  4. formation of reciprocal relationships
75
Q

match the definition to the term

infants are the least distressed when their mom leaves and ignore them when the mom comes back

A

avoidant attachment

76
Q

true or false - anxious ambivalent babies are the most emotional

A

true

77
Q

what is the prototype hypothesis

A

the idea that the initial relationship between infant and caregiver serves as the foundation for other relationships

78
Q

what is the most common child maltreatment case

A

neglect and exposure to intimate partner violence

79
Q

when does stranger anxiety appear in infants

A

6 to 9 months

80
Q

what are the three components of social referencing

A
  1. looking at another older person in a strange situation
  2. associating an individual’s emotional response with the strange situation
  3. regulating their own emotional response with that of the older person’s

PSYCH 223 (11 decks)

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