Infancy Flashcards
what is thrive syndrome
hard for babies to gain weight
what is the term used for babies to catch up to their biological makeup
canalization
is brain development a critical or sensitive period
a sensitive period
what are the cyclical states of consciousness
deep sleep, lighter sleep, awake, fusiness and drowsiness
when babies are born, do they develop a circadian rhythm right away
no , around 6 months they do
true or false - babies need a lot of REM sleep
true
what are the approximate ages and associated locomotor skills for babies
3m - rolling over
6m - moving around
7m - sitting with no support
8m - standing with no support
9m - crawling
11m - standing alone
12-15m - walking
17m - walking up steps
2 years old - jumping
what are the approximate ages and associated fine motor skills for babies
3m - opens hand, grasps things
8m - grasps with with thumb and finger
11m - hold crayon
14m - builds tower of two cubes
16m - puts pegs in board
2 years - can imitate lines on paper
what are the approximate ages and associated non locomotor skills for babies
1m - follows slow moving objects (mobile)
3m - can lift head at 90 degree angle
5m - can hold head while sitting
12m - plays patty cake
13-18m - rolls balls and claps
2 years - jump with both feet
what are the benefits of breastfeeding
lower risk for chronic diseases ; better gut microbiota and immune system ; the milk is rich with rich nutrients
what does malnutrition result from
lack of macronutrients (carbs and proteins) and micronutrients (vitamins)
what is the name of the diseases that are a result of a lack of macronutrients
Marasmus and Kwashiokor
true or false - visual acuity is fully developed by 1 years old
false - it is fully developed by 7 years old
what is the name of the experiment used to understand a baby’s depth perception
Visual cliff
true or false - high pitched sound needs to be softer to be heard by babies
false - they need to be louder
at what age does a baby’s idea of sound location become adult level
1-2 years old
do infants have an innate sweet or savory preference
sweet
what is the best developed sense as a baby
touch
true or false - infants experience pain
true
what does Piaget believe intelligence is
it has to do with how well we adapt to the environment and other factors
what are schemes
they are mental structures that categorize similar information
equilibration = ____ plus _____
assimilation and accommodation
what are the stages of sensoriomotor
simple reflex - 0 to 1 month
primary circular reactions - 1 to 4 months
secondary circular reactions - 4 to 8 months
coordination of circular reactions - 8 to 12 months
tertiary circular reactions - 12 to 18 months
beginning of mental representations - 18 to 24 months
when does goal directed behavior show up
8 to 12 months
when does experimenting occur
12 to 18 months
what is the definition of object permanence
just because you don’t see something does not mean it does not exist
what are the substages of object permanence
- absence
- rudimentary
- look for partially hidden objects (6mos)
- look for hidden objects (8-12 mos)
describe the Piaget’s stages of imitation
- lack of imitation
- sporadic imitation
- beginning to imitate visible movements and sounds that are already part of their skills
- imitates movements that are not visible; imitates new sounds
- imitates new models that are invisible
- deferred imitation - a parent will complete an action and then after a period of time, the child will imitate the same action
what is a critique of Piaget’s theory
- object permanence and deferred imitation can actually occur a lot earlier than what he believed
- he does not speak about the possible external factors on development
give the term used to describe our inability to remember things from before we were 2 years old
infantile amnesia
explain the carolyn rovee collier experiment and what does it tell us
it tells us that infants learn quickly, remember things from awhile ago and are able to retrieve information from their memory
_____ can remember actions after TWO WEEKS
2 months, 3 months, 5 months or 6 months
6 months
_____ can remember actions/objects after A WEEK
2 months, 3 months, 5 months or 6 months
3 months
what is the Fagan test
it is used to asses visual recognition, information processing and habituation
define habituation
a decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented multiple times
other than the Fangan test what is another way to test children
Bayley scales of infant and toddler development
what is the language of babies from birth to 3 months
crying and cooing
what is the language of babies from 4 to 6 months
single syllable babbling
what is the language of babies from 9 to 12 months
variegated babbling (stringing different syllables together) , intentional understanding, meaningful gestures, culturally listening
what is the language of babies from 6 to 8 months
babbling that has syllables resemble actual words, recognize words in sentences
what is the language of babies from 12 to 18 months
two word utterances; saying a word and then pointing to the actual object; understanding everything said
what is the language of babies from 18 to 2 years old
multi word utterances, pivot schemas, telegraphic speech
define the differences between referential and expressive style
referential is usually common among first borns and they use language mainly to label objects
expressive is usually common among second borns and they use language to express their emotions and needs of others
explain trust vs mistrust
trust - babies have a sense of hope and feel like their needs are being fulfilled
mistrust - babies have difficulty forming bonds and see the world as unfriendly
who proposed a definition of the attachment theory
bowlby
what are the stages of attachment
phase 1 - 0 to 12 weeks - > will signal but with no preference of the figure
phase 2 - 3 to 6 months - > signals but with preference of the figure
phase 3 - 6 months to 3 years - > makes sure they are close in proximity to the preferable figure
phase 4 - later than 3 years - > goal corrected partnership
what are the two types of attachment patterns
secure - seeks for closeness and contact
insecure - > anxious-ambivalent - resist contact
- > anxious-avoidant - avoiding closeness
- > disorganized
what are examples of the roles of a primary caregiver
sensitivity, awareness of moods, provide appropriate responses, interpersonal synchrony
who proposed the idea that there are easy and difficult babies
thomas and chess
what are the characteristics that determine a baby’s temperament profile
activity level, anxiety, positive emotionality, sociability, irritability, anger, task persistance
what are the skills that lack with Autism
communication and social interaction skills
what are some of the causes of autism
genetics, neonatal environment, age of parents, low weight at birth
describe the three selfs of self concept
subjective self - differentiation between themselves and the environment ; fully developed at 8 to 12 months but can start at birth
objective/categorical self - understanding of their unique properties ; developed between 18 to 24 months
emotional self - understanding of their own and others’ emotions in the first couple months of their life
how can you test the objective/categorical self
put something on the baby’s nose and if the baby tries to take the thing off their nose then that means they are aware of what is supposed to be on their body and what does not
what part of child care matters the most
quality of care and the parental satisfaction with their situation
true or false - girls are more fussier and active than boys
false - boys are
true or false - North american moms really care about the baby’s security
true
what is the cause of multiple sclerosis
myelin is replaced by hard , fibrous tissue that can prevent proper neural transmission, therefore lack of muscle control
briefly explain the roles of the cerebellum, medulla and cerebrum
cerebellum - maintain balance, eye movements and sensations
cerebrum - memory, thought, learning
medulla - basic functions like breathing and heart beat
what is the causes of the first and second growth spurt
the first growth spurt is because of the formation of neurons
second growth spurt is due to the proliferation of dendrites
what is a good age to give babies rattles and mobiles for them to grasp
4-6 months
when is a baby considered a toddler
12-15 months which is when they can walk by themselves
what are primary, secondary and tertiary circular reactions
primary focuses on the infant’s own body
secondary focuses on external and environmental events
tertiary focuses on purposeful schemas to specific situations
what is the term used to refer to the repetition of syllables
echolalia
what is intonation
the use of varying levels of pitch to help communicate meaning
difference between receptive and expressive vocabulary
receptive is the number of words a person understands
expressive is the number of words a person can actually use
what is a normal age range for a child’s first word
8-18 months
true or false - children between the ages of 1 to 2 years old have a rapid burst in vocabulary
true
differences between reference and expressive language
reference refers to the use of language to mainly label objects
expressive refers to the use of language to engage in social interactions
what is an example of a holophrase and why
mama - it can be used for various meanings like “come here mama”, look here mama”, etc…
what is the term used for a type of speech where only the important words are used
telegraphic speech
attachment occurs during the sensitive or critical period
critical
what is the name of the smile given in response to a human face or voice
social smile
what are the names of the stages of attchment
- pre attachment phase
- attachment in the making
- clear cut attachment
- formation of reciprocal relationships
match the definition to the term
infants are the least distressed when their mom leaves and ignore them when the mom comes back
avoidant attachment
true or false - anxious ambivalent babies are the most emotional
true
what is the prototype hypothesis
the idea that the initial relationship between infant and caregiver serves as the foundation for other relationships
what is the most common child maltreatment case
neglect and exposure to intimate partner violence
when does stranger anxiety appear in infants
6 to 9 months
what are the three components of social referencing
- looking at another older person in a strange situation
- associating an individual’s emotional response with the strange situation
- regulating their own emotional response with that of the older person’s
