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Promoting Healthy Populations > Prenatal Care and STD's (& Culture) > Flashcards

Prenatal Care and STD's (& Culture) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a critical indicator of health of a population ?

A

infant mortality

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2
Q

Where does the zygote implant in the mother ?

A

the uterine lining

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3
Q

Where does the placenta start to develop ?

A

wherever the egg implants

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4
Q

Where is the best part for the placenta to grow ?

A

high and on posterior part of uterus

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5
Q

When do miscarriage typically occur ?

A

4-6 weeks

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6
Q

What does GTPAL stand for ?

A
  • Gravida
  • Term
  • Preterm
  • Abortions/Miscarriages
  • Living children
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7
Q

Gravida

A

a woman who is pregnant

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8
Q

Nulligravida

A

woman who has never gotten pregnant

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9
Q

Multigravida

A

woman who has had two or more pregnancies

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10
Q

Term Pregnancy

A

pregnancy from 38 weeks to 42 weeks
- after you finish your 37 weeks

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11
Q

Post Term

A

pregnancy that goes beyond 42 weeks

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12
Q

Preterm

A

pregnancy that is at least 20 weeks to 37 weeks

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13
Q

Viability

A

capacity to live outside uterus, around 22-25 weeks

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14
Q

Congenital Defect

A

abnormality during development
- you can see these (cleft foot/palate, spina bifida)

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15
Q

Genetic Defect

A

problems that occur during conception
- not as obvious and take some investigation

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16
Q

How do you calculate GTPAL ?

A
  • G: number of pregnancies including this one
  • T: babies taken to full term (38-42 weeks)
  • P: babies taken to preterm (20-37 weeks)
  • A: number of abortions/miscarriages
  • L: how many living children currently
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17
Q

During what trimester do we want do to prenatal vaccines ?

A

3rd trimester

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18
Q

How do we calculate the due date ?

A
  • determine first day of their last normal menstrual period
  • subtract 3 months
  • add 7 days
  • may need to change year
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19
Q

EDD

A

estimated date of delivery

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20
Q

EDC

A

estimated date of confinement
-due date

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21
Q

LMP

A

first day of last menstrual period

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22
Q

What do pregnancy tests detect for ?

A

presence of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
- have to have fertilized egg that has implanted into the uterine lining for the hCG to be released

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23
Q

What is Chadwick’s sign ?

A

bluish or cyanotic color of cervix and upper vagina that (objective data) is caused by pregnancy

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24
Q

What is Piskacek’s sign ?

A

asymmetrical, softened enlargement of the uterine corner caused by placental development

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25
Q

What is quickening ?

A

objective detection of fetal movements

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26
Q

When testing for blood type, whose RH factor is most relevant ?

A

the mothers

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27
Q

What RH factor must mom be to intervene ?

A

RH (-)

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28
Q

How do we treat differing RH factors with mom and baby ?

A

if mom is RH (-) then you give them a shot in the 3rd trimester and again within 72 hours after giving birth

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29
Q

What does the TORCH screening test for ?

A

5 teratogenic infections
- these infections in mom can cause negative outcomes for the baby’s development
- Toxoplasmosis
- Other/hepatitis B
- Rubella
- Cytomegalovirus
- herpers simplex

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30
Q

What is Colostrum ?

A

thick, yellowish “premilk” fluid that can be present by 14 weeks
- provides nourishment for infant until milk comes in day 3-4 postpartum

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31
Q

What is the treatments for constipation ?

A
  • increase water and fiber intake
  • fiber supplements or stool softeners
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32
Q

What is the cause of heartburn and treatments ?

A

reflux of gastric contents as uterus enlarges
- avoid fried & spicy foods
- avoid lying down right after eating
- eat smaller meals more often
- avoid a large meal before bedtime

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33
Q

What are some treatments of nausea/vomiting ?

A
  • dry crackers before rising in morning
  • high protein for evening meal
  • small, frequent meals
  • avoid strong smelling foods & sudden position changes
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34
Q

What are the recommended weight gains for the different BMI levels ?

A
  • Underweight: 28-40 pounds
  • Normal: 25-35 pounds
  • Overweight: 15-25
  • Obese: 11-20 pounds
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35
Q

What is the cause of the GI issues during pregnancy ?

A

smooth muscle relaxation and decreased motility of GI tract due to increase in progesterone

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36
Q

What are is the pattern of weight gain ?

A

1st trimester: 2-4 pounds
2nd and 3rd trimester: 1 pound per week

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37
Q

Why is folic acid important for pregnancy ?

A
  • helps prevents neural tube defects
  • reduces risk of miscarriages
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38
Q

What is PICA (non-nutritive cravings) and what is it indicative of ?

A

when you crave things like chalk, dirt, clay
- indicates mineral deficiency

39
Q

What is Vena Cava Syndrome or Supine Hypotension Syndrome ?

A

occurs when lying down on back
- resolves if lying on left side (left lateral or left tilt)

40
Q

What are some Viral STDs ?

A
  • HSV (herpes simplex virus)
  • HPV (human papilloma virus)
41
Q

What are some Bacterial STDs ?

A
  • chlamydia
  • gonorrhea
  • syphilis
42
Q

What are some curable STDs ?

A
  • chlamydia
  • gonorrhea
  • syphilis
  • trichomoniasis
43
Q

What are some incurable STDs ?

A

HSV and HPV

44
Q

What are some STDs that are transmitted through fluids ?

A
  • chlamydia
  • gonorrhea
  • syphilis
  • trichomoniasis
  • also Hep B
45
Q

What are some STDs that are transmitted through skin to skin ?

A

HSV and HPV

46
Q

What STDs are condoms effective in protecting ?

A

bacterial and protozoa STDs

47
Q

What is a Protozoa STD ?

A

trichomoniasis

48
Q

What does Syphilis lead to if not treated ?

A

neurological damage which will lead to death

49
Q

What does Trichomoniasis lead to if not treated ?

A

infertility in females

50
Q

What does HSV lead to if not treated ?

A

continued spread

51
Q

What does HPV lead to if not treated ?

A

cervical cancer in females and all its complications

52
Q

What STDs may have no clear symptoms in females ?

A

chlamydia and gonorrhea

53
Q

What are some primary prevention strategies for STDs ?

A
  • condoms
  • abstinence
  • immunizations
  • limiting partners
54
Q

What are some secondary prevention strategies for STDs ?

A

get tested/screenings

55
Q

What are some tertiary prevention strategies for STDs ?

A

managing through antibiotics or managing by cultural differences

56
Q

What are some symptoms of Chlamydia ?

A
  • discharge and painful irritation (M)
  • may have no clear symptoms, vaginal discharge, burning, itching, painful irritation (F)
57
Q

What are some symptoms of Syphilis ?

A

painless skin lesions, fever, headache, malaise

58
Q

What are some symptoms of trichomoniasis ?

A

discharge,dysuria (painful urination), inflammation

59
Q

What are some symptoms of HSV ?

A

painful skin lesions
- also flu like symptoms (fever, chills, malasie, severe dysuria)

60
Q

What are some symptoms of HPV ?

A

painless skin lesions (genital or veneral warts)
- flush colored skin tags
- soft papillary swelling occuring singly or in clusters

61
Q

Group B Streptococcus (GBS)

A

may be considered normal vaginal flora in a non-pregnant woman
- when pregnant not a problem for baby because of walls of protection and we will treat it during birth

62
Q

What does HIV cause and how is it exchanged ?

A

causes a severe depression of the cellular immune system
- exchanged through body fluid
- lab tests focus on HIV antibodies
- leads to AIDS if not treated

63
Q

Culture

A

A pattern of shared attitudes, beliefs, self-definitions, norms, roles and values that can occur among those who speak a particular language or live in a defined geographical region

64
Q

Cultural Desire

A

interest to understand people different than yourself

65
Q

Self-Awareness

A

identifying and understanding one’s own cultural identity

66
Q

Knowledge

A

exposing one’s self to other culture & willingness to learn

67
Q

Skill

A

built the nurse-patient relationship
- communication is key

68
Q

Why is the RESPECT model used for ?

A

cultural assessment that helps a nurse gain an understanding of the meaning of illness to the patient, expectations for treatment and care, and patient’s perception

69
Q

Race

A

institutionalized ideas and practices that associates differential value, power, and privilege and establishes a social status ranking among the different groups

70
Q

Ethnicity

A

a collective identity, a sense of uniqueness within the larger society, and a distinction from nonmembers

71
Q

Minority Group

A

Consists of people who are living within a society in which they are disadvantages in relation to power, control of their own lives, and wealth

72
Q

Who’s at the highest risk for STIs ?

A

young adults
- aged 20-24

73
Q

How can Heroin and Methadone affect a baby ?

A
  • prematurity
  • long term cognitive/behavioral problems
  • respiratory distress
  • congenital anomalies
74
Q

How can Cocaine affect a baby ?

A

placental abruption

75
Q

What are signs of narcotic withdrawal in infants ?

A
  • tremors
  • irritability
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • sweating
  • poor feeding
  • convulsions
76
Q

How can maternal marijuana use affect a baby ?

A
  • fetal immunological problems
  • issues with CNS development
77
Q

How can Mercury affect a baby ?

A
  • affects fetal baby development
  • no more than 12 oz cooked fish weekly
78
Q

How can Lead affect a baby ?

A
  • stillbirths
  • spontaneous abortions
  • preterm births
  • impaired neurodevelopment
79
Q

How can Radiation affect a baby ?

A
  • chromosomal changes
  • spontaneous abortions
  • impaired brain function
  • microcephaly
  • malignancy
80
Q

What can differing RH factors affect a baby ?

A
  • can lead to anemia
  • hyperbilirubinemia
  • even fetal death
81
Q

When are glucose tolerance tests done ?

A

28 weeks gestation

82
Q

How do you find out due date by ultrasound ?

A

measuring crown rump length
- from top of head to butt
- in 1st trimester

83
Q

When can fetal heart rate be heard ?

A

at 10-12 weeks w/ doppler

84
Q

Should you give the Rubella vaccine during pregnancy ?

A

do not give during pregnancy and avoid pregnancy for 3 months post vaccine

85
Q

What are the benefits of Braxton-Hicks contractions ?

A

increases uterine blood flow and oxygen to fetus

86
Q

When does the fundus react maximum height ?

A

38 weeks

87
Q

What are some presumptive signs (subjective) of pregnancy ?

A
  • sensations, symptoms that patient is telling us
  • nausea/vomiting,
  • change in breast size
  • missed menstrual period
  • increased urination frequency
88
Q

What are some probable signs (objective) of pregnancy ?

A
  • enlargement of uterus
  • Chadwick sign
  • Goodell sign
  • Piskacek sign
  • changes in skin pigmentation (chloasma and linea nigra)
89
Q

What are positive signs of pregnancy ?

A
  • actual verification of pregnancy
  • measurement of fundal height
  • detection of fetal heart tones by auscultation
  • palpation of fetal body movement using Leopold Maneuvers
  • quickening
90
Q

What is Hegar’s sign ?

A

softening of the uterine isthmus

91
Q

What is Goodell’s sign ?

A

softening of the cervix

92
Q

How does your uterus change during pregnancy ?

A
  • changes in size, shape, and position
  • it enlarges and muscle walls become thin and change shape to accommodate fetus
93
Q

What happens if you use opioids during pregnancy ?

A

result in neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)
- baby goes through withdrawal after birth

94
Q

What do you use to determine EDD ?

A

Naegel’s Rule

Promoting Healthy Populations (12 decks)

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