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Promoting Healthy Populations > G&D: Infant to Adolescent > Flashcards

G&D: Infant to Adolescent Flashcards

1
Q

What stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development do Infants go through ?

A

Trust vs. Mistrust
(Birth to 12 months)

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2
Q

What stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development do Toddlers go through ?

A

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
(1 yr to 3 yrs)

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3
Q

What stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development do Preschool children go through ?

A

Initiative vs. Guilt
(3 to 6 yrs)

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4
Q

What stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development do School-Age kids go through ?

A

Industry vs. Inferiority
(6 to 12 yrs)

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5
Q

What stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development do Adolescents go through ?

A

Identity vs. Role Confusion
(13 to 20 yrs)

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6
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A

at this stage the infant develops either trust or mistrust with their caregivers since they depend on them for everything like food, affection, and comfort
- infants (birth to 12 months)
- emotional attachment occurs at this stage
- trust is established when comfort, feeding, stimulation, and caring needs are met
- “Can I trust the people around me ?”
- if an infant doesn’t develop trust with its caregiver, then this can affect their social and emotional development

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7
Q

What stage of Piaget’s cognitive development do infant go through ?

A

sensorimotor period

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8
Q

What occurs in an infants sensorimotor period ?

A

they master simple coordination through sense and motor activity
- reflexes occur when stimulated
- gross motor skills (using big muscles) will develop first then the fine motor skills will
- will explore their environment through their mouth and by reaching for things, grasping, swiping, or banging
- explore the world through sensations and movements
- object permanence

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9
Q

What are some gross motor and fine motor developments in Infants ?

A
  • head control, rolling over, sitting, crawling, creeping
  • grasping objects, pincer grasp, transferring objects between hands
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10
Q

What is some health promotion activities for newborns and infants ?

A
  • newborn screening, car seats, crib safety/safe sleep, avoid smoking around baby
  • nutrition, immunizations, sleep
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11
Q

What are some injury/violence prevention techniques we need to watch out for in infants ?

A
  • aspiration of foreign objects
  • burns
  • abuse/neglect
  • drowning
  • falls
  • motor vehicle accidents
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12
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

A

when the toddlers are wanting to become more independent and want more control over their life
- helps them gain confidence in their own abilities, learn from their mistakes, gain self-confidence
- if autonomy isn’t met then the toddler may experience feelings of self-doubt or feel self-conscious and this can lead to anxiety, and lower levels of coping skills

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13
Q

What stage of Piaget’s cognitive development do toddlers go through ?

A

continuation of sensorimotor
- preoperational stage begins around 2 yrs old

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14
Q

What occurs to toddlers in the sensorimotor/preoperational stage ?

A

12-18 months: can follow 1-step verbal commands, knows what ordinary objects are, scribbles on their own
2 yrs: simple make-believe games, begins to sort shapes/colors, might favor one hand over another, can follow 2-step instructions, 2-3 word sentences

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15
Q

What age range is the preoperational stage ?

A

2-7 yrs

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16
Q

What age range is the sensorimotor stage ?

A

birth to 2 yrs

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17
Q

How does language change as a toddler ?

A
  • level of comprehension grows
  • vocab grows to about 300 words by 2 yrs old
    • 1 yr: holophrases (1 word)
    • 2 yrs: 2-3 word sentences
    • 3 yrs: combines several words to create simple sentences
  • take turns speaking in conversations and maintains topics
  • reading to child helps expand vocabulary
18
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt

A

when kids want to do new tasks, use new skills in play and they learn they can exert power over themselves and the world
- “Am I good or bad ?”
- helps kids try new tasks and if they make a mistake, they won’t feel guilty but instead learn to try again
- develops ambition and direction and want praise and encouragement
- If a kid fails to be initiative, then they will feel guilty if they aren’t able to complete the task and take it as a personal failure when that may not be true and think themselves as “bad”

19
Q

What stage of Piaget’s cognitive development do preschool-kids go through ?

A

preoperational

20
Q

What occurs to preschool-aged children in the preoperational stage ?

A
  • children being to think symbolically and are able to represent objects using words and pictures
  • language development is hallmark
  • egocentric
  • conservation (are developing the understanding that volume can take different forms but still be the same)
21
Q

What are some cognitive changes in 3,4-, and 5-year olds ?

A

3: plays make-believe with dolls, animals, and people. copies a circle with pencil of crayon
4: remembers parts of a story, tells you what they think will happen next in a book, uses safety scissors, starts to understand time
5: can draw a person with at least 6 body parts, knows about everyday things like money and food, can print some letter and numbers

22
Q

What are some language developments in Preschool-age kids ?

A
  • interpret language literally
  • unable to see another person’s point of view
  • language is now their primary method of communication and they love to talk
23
Q

What are some health promotion activities in preschool-aged children ?

A
  • they start to learn behaviors from family so role modeling healthy behaviors is important
  • becoming more independent like feeding themselves
  • pay attention to their calcium and iron intake
  • limit fat and sugar
  • have a stable routine with sleep
  • vision screenings usually start here
24
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority

A

child is learning new skills and your industry (how hard you work) is important because kids need to feel confident and competent in their work
- “How good can I be ?”
- Industry and capacity to work and play with others developed through praise and successes
- School starts to matter a lot more because your social circle expands to include friends and teachers
- If you are good at schoolwork and play then you develop a sense of competence and pride if your abilities
- if you fail to feel this industry then you may feel like a failure and you may be less successful when trying new things because you feel like your efforts won’t pay off

25
Q

What stage of Piaget’s cognitive development do School-age children go through ?

A

concrete operational

26
Q

What age range is the concrete operational stage ?

A

7-11

27
Q

What occurs to school-age kids in the concrete operational stage ?

A
  • able to solve problems
  • overall capacity for knowledge expands and becomes more organized
  • thinks in organized, logical fashion about concrete info
  • ability to see POV of others
  • transition from perceptual to conceptual thinking
28
Q

What are some motor developments that school-age kids go through ?

A
  • increased running speed
  • vertical jump increases
  • dribbling ball is smooth and even
  • normal skipping and sidestepping
  • increased accuracy with throwing, catching, kicking, hopping, jumping from place to place
29
Q

What are some language changes in a school-age kid ?

A
  • language growth very rapid during this time
  • appreciates meaning of words, and increased understanding of metaphors and humor
  • grasps meaning of words based on definition
30
Q

What are some health promotion activities for school-age kids ?

A
  • model health promoting behaviors
  • screen time concerns
  • monitor/reinforce preventative practices
  • screening important for things like scoliosis, and obesity, etc
  • sleeps 8-12 hrs a night and have less difficulty going to bed
  • watch for bullying, firearms, bodily harm, motor vehicle injuries
31
Q

Identity vs. Role Confusion

A

need to answer the questions “Who am I?” and “What is my place in society?”
- must build consistent identify from relationship to others, self-chosen values and vocational goals, and identity from self-perceptions

32
Q

What stage of Piaget’s cognitive development do adolescents go through ?

A

Formal Operations
(12+)

33
Q

What happens to adolescents in the formal operational stage ?

A
  • develop ability to think about abstract concepts
  • logical thought, deductive reasoning & systematic planning emerge during this stage
  • abstract thinking like thinking beyond the present, concern about others/thoughts and needs
34
Q

What physical changes do adolescents go through ?

A
  • accelerated growth spurt
  • biological differences between males and females (sexual maturation)
35
Q

What cognitive changes do adolescents go through ?

A
  • memory strategies improve
  • time orientation
  • overall capacity increases at slower pace
  • knowledge continues to expand and become more organized
  • slang, electronic communication
  • receptive and expressive vocab increases
36
Q

What are some nutrition/sleep concerns for adolescents ?

A
  • overeating & undereating issues, encourage balancing nutrition with activity, yearly assessment of weight, BMI, and height
  • at least 8 hours of sleep each night
37
Q

What are some health promotion activities for adolescents ?

A
  • encourage abstinence/safe sex
  • educate on substance use and abuse
  • educate on tobacco use
38
Q

What are some injury/violence prevention activities for adolescents ?

A
  • bodily harm (distracted driving, vehicle accidents)
  • substance abuse
  • self-harm/sucicide
39
Q

What are key factors in the sensorimotor stage ?

A

(0-2 yrs)
- coordination of senses with motor response
- object permanence developed
- reflexes (0-1 months)
- sensory curiosity about the world
- language used for demands and cataloguing

40
Q

What are key factors in the preoperational stage ?

A

(2-7 yrs)
- egocentrism
- conservation (volume can take other forms)
- symbolic thinking (can represent objects using pictures and words)
- imagination and intuition are strong
- use of proper grammar/syntax to express full concepts
- complex abstract thinking still difficult
- preconventional morals

41
Q

What are key factors in concrete operations stage?

A

(7-11 yrs)
- concrete situations are understood like time, space, or quality and can be applied but not as independent concepts
- can start to see others POV
- logic
- reversibility (actions can be reversed)
- conventional morals

42
Q

What are key factors in formal operations stage ?

A

(12+)
- abstract logic and reasoning can be applied
- problem solving, strategy and planning are possible
- theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking are possible
- concepts learned in one context can be applied to another
- postconventional morals

Promoting Healthy Populations (12 decks)

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