G&D: Infant to Adolescent Flashcards
What stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development do Infants go through ?
Trust vs. Mistrust
(Birth to 12 months)
What stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development do Toddlers go through ?
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
(1 yr to 3 yrs)
What stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development do Preschool children go through ?
Initiative vs. Guilt
(3 to 6 yrs)
What stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development do School-Age kids go through ?
Industry vs. Inferiority
(6 to 12 yrs)
What stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development do Adolescents go through ?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
(13 to 20 yrs)
Trust vs. Mistrust
at this stage the infant develops either trust or mistrust with their caregivers since they depend on them for everything like food, affection, and comfort
- infants (birth to 12 months)
- emotional attachment occurs at this stage
- trust is established when comfort, feeding, stimulation, and caring needs are met
- “Can I trust the people around me ?”
- if an infant doesn’t develop trust with its caregiver, then this can affect their social and emotional development
What stage of Piaget’s cognitive development do infant go through ?
sensorimotor period
What occurs in an infants sensorimotor period ?
they master simple coordination through sense and motor activity
- reflexes occur when stimulated
- gross motor skills (using big muscles) will develop first then the fine motor skills will
- will explore their environment through their mouth and by reaching for things, grasping, swiping, or banging
- explore the world through sensations and movements
- object permanence
What are some gross motor and fine motor developments in Infants ?
- head control, rolling over, sitting, crawling, creeping
- grasping objects, pincer grasp, transferring objects between hands
What is some health promotion activities for newborns and infants ?
- newborn screening, car seats, crib safety/safe sleep, avoid smoking around baby
- nutrition, immunizations, sleep
What are some injury/violence prevention techniques we need to watch out for in infants ?
- aspiration of foreign objects
- burns
- abuse/neglect
- drowning
- falls
- motor vehicle accidents
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
when the toddlers are wanting to become more independent and want more control over their life
- helps them gain confidence in their own abilities, learn from their mistakes, gain self-confidence
- if autonomy isn’t met then the toddler may experience feelings of self-doubt or feel self-conscious and this can lead to anxiety, and lower levels of coping skills
What stage of Piaget’s cognitive development do toddlers go through ?
continuation of sensorimotor
- preoperational stage begins around 2 yrs old
What occurs to toddlers in the sensorimotor/preoperational stage ?
12-18 months: can follow 1-step verbal commands, knows what ordinary objects are, scribbles on their own
2 yrs: simple make-believe games, begins to sort shapes/colors, might favor one hand over another, can follow 2-step instructions, 2-3 word sentences
What age range is the preoperational stage ?
2-7 yrs
What age range is the sensorimotor stage ?
birth to 2 yrs
How does language change as a toddler ?
- level of comprehension grows
- vocab grows to about 300 words by 2 yrs old
- 1 yr: holophrases (1 word)
- 2 yrs: 2-3 word sentences
- 3 yrs: combines several words to create simple sentences
- take turns speaking in conversations and maintains topics
- reading to child helps expand vocabulary
Initiative vs. Guilt
when kids want to do new tasks, use new skills in play and they learn they can exert power over themselves and the world
- “Am I good or bad ?”
- helps kids try new tasks and if they make a mistake, they won’t feel guilty but instead learn to try again
- develops ambition and direction and want praise and encouragement
- If a kid fails to be initiative, then they will feel guilty if they aren’t able to complete the task and take it as a personal failure when that may not be true and think themselves as “bad”
What stage of Piaget’s cognitive development do preschool-kids go through ?
preoperational
What occurs to preschool-aged children in the preoperational stage ?
- children being to think symbolically and are able to represent objects using words and pictures
- language development is hallmark
- egocentric
- conservation (are developing the understanding that volume can take different forms but still be the same)
What are some cognitive changes in 3,4-, and 5-year olds ?
3: plays make-believe with dolls, animals, and people. copies a circle with pencil of crayon
4: remembers parts of a story, tells you what they think will happen next in a book, uses safety scissors, starts to understand time
5: can draw a person with at least 6 body parts, knows about everyday things like money and food, can print some letter and numbers
What are some language developments in Preschool-age kids ?
- interpret language literally
- unable to see another person’s point of view
- language is now their primary method of communication and they love to talk
What are some health promotion activities in preschool-aged children ?
- they start to learn behaviors from family so role modeling healthy behaviors is important
- becoming more independent like feeding themselves
- pay attention to their calcium and iron intake
- limit fat and sugar
- have a stable routine with sleep
- vision screenings usually start here
Industry vs. Inferiority
child is learning new skills and your industry (how hard you work) is important because kids need to feel confident and competent in their work
- “How good can I be ?”
- Industry and capacity to work and play with others developed through praise and successes
- School starts to matter a lot more because your social circle expands to include friends and teachers
- If you are good at schoolwork and play then you develop a sense of competence and pride if your abilities
- if you fail to feel this industry then you may feel like a failure and you may be less successful when trying new things because you feel like your efforts won’t pay off
What stage of Piaget’s cognitive development do School-age children go through ?
concrete operational
What age range is the concrete operational stage ?
7-11
What occurs to school-age kids in the concrete operational stage ?
- able to solve problems
- overall capacity for knowledge expands and becomes more organized
- thinks in organized, logical fashion about concrete info
- ability to see POV of others
- transition from perceptual to conceptual thinking
What are some motor developments that school-age kids go through ?
- increased running speed
- vertical jump increases
- dribbling ball is smooth and even
- normal skipping and sidestepping
- increased accuracy with throwing, catching, kicking, hopping, jumping from place to place
What are some language changes in a school-age kid ?
- language growth very rapid during this time
- appreciates meaning of words, and increased understanding of metaphors and humor
- grasps meaning of words based on definition
What are some health promotion activities for school-age kids ?
- model health promoting behaviors
- screen time concerns
- monitor/reinforce preventative practices
- screening important for things like scoliosis, and obesity, etc
- sleeps 8-12 hrs a night and have less difficulty going to bed
- watch for bullying, firearms, bodily harm, motor vehicle injuries
Identity vs. Role Confusion
need to answer the questions “Who am I?” and “What is my place in society?”
- must build consistent identify from relationship to others, self-chosen values and vocational goals, and identity from self-perceptions
What stage of Piaget’s cognitive development do adolescents go through ?
Formal Operations
(12+)
What happens to adolescents in the formal operational stage ?
- develop ability to think about abstract concepts
- logical thought, deductive reasoning & systematic planning emerge during this stage
- abstract thinking like thinking beyond the present, concern about others/thoughts and needs
What physical changes do adolescents go through ?
- accelerated growth spurt
- biological differences between males and females (sexual maturation)
What cognitive changes do adolescents go through ?
- memory strategies improve
- time orientation
- overall capacity increases at slower pace
- knowledge continues to expand and become more organized
- slang, electronic communication
- receptive and expressive vocab increases
What are some nutrition/sleep concerns for adolescents ?
- overeating & undereating issues, encourage balancing nutrition with activity, yearly assessment of weight, BMI, and height
- at least 8 hours of sleep each night
What are some health promotion activities for adolescents ?
- encourage abstinence/safe sex
- educate on substance use and abuse
- educate on tobacco use
What are some injury/violence prevention activities for adolescents ?
- bodily harm (distracted driving, vehicle accidents)
- substance abuse
- self-harm/sucicide
What are key factors in the sensorimotor stage ?
(0-2 yrs)
- coordination of senses with motor response
- object permanence developed
- reflexes (0-1 months)
- sensory curiosity about the world
- language used for demands and cataloguing
What are key factors in the preoperational stage ?
(2-7 yrs)
- egocentrism
- conservation (volume can take other forms)
- symbolic thinking (can represent objects using pictures and words)
- imagination and intuition are strong
- use of proper grammar/syntax to express full concepts
- complex abstract thinking still difficult
- preconventional morals
What are key factors in concrete operations stage?
(7-11 yrs)
- concrete situations are understood like time, space, or quality and can be applied but not as independent concepts
- can start to see others POV
- logic
- reversibility (actions can be reversed)
- conventional morals
What are key factors in formal operations stage ?
(12+)
- abstract logic and reasoning can be applied
- problem solving, strategy and planning are possible
- theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking are possible
- concepts learned in one context can be applied to another
- postconventional morals
