Health Screenings and Immunizations Flashcards
What is primary prevention ?
basic actions we can all take to stay healthy
- focus is to maintain/improve general individuals/family/ or community health
- lowest cost interventions
- like health education, immunizations, exercise
- health promotion and specific protection
What is secondary prevention ?
focuses on screenings
- goal is to identify individuals in early, detectable stages of disease
- also includes questionnaires where you ask if you feel safe at home or with your current partner
- applied to specific individuals/populations with disease
- early diagnosis, prompt treatment, disability limitation
What is tertiary prevention ?
actions we take to minimize the effects of a disease we already have and are experiencing
- objective is to return the patients to engaged places in society and to maximize remaining capacity
- when disease is permanent or irreversible (HIV infection, stroke)
- recovery and rehabilitation
What are the roles of public health ?
- decrease preventable death rates
- increase life expectancy and quality of life
- ensure health equity through public programming offering (vaccines, screenings, and education)
- provide health surveillance and protection (water quality monitoring, inspection of food service and supply)
Why are health screenings important ?
helps us identify chronic conditions and risk factors before the condition becomes costly both in financial terms and in quality of life
What is an upstream thinking of health inequalities ?
thinking about why something is happening
- like social inequalities like race, gender, sexual orientation
What is downstream thinking of health inequalities ?
were we are as healthcare workers
- risk behaviors, disease and injuries
What are some advantages of screenings ?
- usually simple and inexpensive
- opportunity to provide education to underserved populations
- individual or group screenings
What are some disadvantages of screenings ?
- anxiety over false positive
- cost
- imperfection/margin or error (can get borderline answers or false results)
- follow up is not guaranteed
What is an interobserver reliability ?
same result when 2 individuals perform the test
What is an intraobserver reliability ?
same person able to reproduce the results several times
What does the validity of a screening mean ?
reflects the accuracy or truthfulness of the test or instrument itself
What does the sensitivity of a screening mean ?
the proportion of people who correctively test positive when screened
- how likely the test is to detect a condition when it’s actually present in the patient
- good sensitivity= false negative will decrease
What does the specificity of a screening mean ?
measure the test’s ability to recognize negative reactions or non-diseased individuals
- how well the test identifies the absence of the disease being tested
- poor specificity= false positive will increase
What happens to the specificity if you increase the sensitivity ?
as you increase the sensitivity the specificity decreases
What is the risk factors with Breast Cancer ?
- nulliparous (never given birth) women at highest risk because they have never had that protective factor that happens with hormonal changes in breastfeeding or pregnancy
- risk increases with age
- women who had their first child before age 30 at the lowest risk
What are the age ranges/life stages when breast cancer screenings are done ?
- 20’s-30s: clinical breast exams every 3 years
- 40-44: have the choice to start annual screenings with mammograms if you wish
- 45-54: get mammogram every year
- 55 and older: can have mammogram every 2 years or continue to do annually (if provider agrees)
- Woman at high risk: MRI exams annually
- screenings should continue as long as you are in good health and expected to live at least 10 more years
