Health Screenings and Immunizations Flashcards
(43 cards)
What is primary prevention ?
basic actions we can all take to stay healthy
- focus is to maintain/improve general individuals/family/ or community health
- lowest cost interventions
- like health education, immunizations, exercise
- health promotion and specific protection
What is secondary prevention ?
focuses on screenings
- goal is to identify individuals in early, detectable stages of disease
- also includes questionnaires where you ask if you feel safe at home or with your current partner
- applied to specific individuals/populations with disease
- early diagnosis, prompt treatment, disability limitation
What is tertiary prevention ?
actions we take to minimize the effects of a disease we already have and are experiencing
- objective is to return the patients to engaged places in society and to maximize remaining capacity
- when disease is permanent or irreversible (HIV infection, stroke)
- recovery and rehabilitation
What are the roles of public health ?
- decrease preventable death rates
- increase life expectancy and quality of life
- ensure health equity through public programming offering (vaccines, screenings, and education)
- provide health surveillance and protection (water quality monitoring, inspection of food service and supply)
Why are health screenings important ?
helps us identify chronic conditions and risk factors before the condition becomes costly both in financial terms and in quality of life
What is an upstream thinking of health inequalities ?
thinking about why something is happening
- like social inequalities like race, gender, sexual orientation
What is downstream thinking of health inequalities ?
were we are as healthcare workers
- risk behaviors, disease and injuries
What are some advantages of screenings ?
- usually simple and inexpensive
- opportunity to provide education to underserved populations
- individual or group screenings
What are some disadvantages of screenings ?
- anxiety over false positive
- cost
- imperfection/margin or error (can get borderline answers or false results)
- follow up is not guaranteed
What is an interobserver reliability ?
same result when 2 individuals perform the test
What is an intraobserver reliability ?
same person able to reproduce the results several times
What does the validity of a screening mean ?
reflects the accuracy or truthfulness of the test or instrument itself
What does the sensitivity of a screening mean ?
the proportion of people who correctively test positive when screened
- how likely the test is to detect a condition when it’s actually present in the patient
- good sensitivity= false negative will decrease
What does the specificity of a screening mean ?
measure the test’s ability to recognize negative reactions or non-diseased individuals
- how well the test identifies the absence of the disease being tested
- poor specificity= false positive will increase
What happens to the specificity if you increase the sensitivity ?
as you increase the sensitivity the specificity decreases
What is the risk factors with Breast Cancer ?
- nulliparous (never given birth) women at highest risk because they have never had that protective factor that happens with hormonal changes in breastfeeding or pregnancy
- risk increases with age
- women who had their first child before age 30 at the lowest risk
What are the age ranges/life stages when breast cancer screenings are done ?
- 20’s-30s: clinical breast exams every 3 years
- 40-44: have the choice to start annual screenings with mammograms if you wish
- 45-54: get mammogram every year
- 55 and older: can have mammogram every 2 years or continue to do annually (if provider agrees)
- Woman at high risk: MRI exams annually
- screenings should continue as long as you are in good health and expected to live at least 10 more years
Why don’t we perform cervical exams in woman until age 21 ?
in adolescence it’s normal for cervical tissue to change or have abnormal cells
What are the age ranges/life stages when cervical exams (pap smears) are done ?
- 21-29: pap test every 3 years with HPV testing if pap is abnormal
- 30-65: pap test + HPV test every 5 years or just pap test every 3 years
- 65+: no testing recommended if regular cervical exams in the past 10 years were normal
How are pap tests done ?
swab inserted inside the cervix, and they scrape the surface level cervix cells and get that tested to see if cells are abnormal
What are some exceptions to pap tests ?
- women with a history of cervical cancer should be tested at least 20 years after diagnosis regardless of age
- women who have had a total hysterectomy should not be tested
- women who are at high risk due to DES exposure, immunocompromised, or have HIV infection should discuss be screening schedules with provider
What are the testing recommendations for colorectal cancer screenings ?
- 45-75: general population should start to get tested for this cancer every 10 years (can start at 50 depending on the agency)
- for adults with family history or are at high risk should start at an earlier age then 45
- 76-85: selective screening (discuss with provider)
- stool testing done every 1-3 years
What are the testing recommendations for colonoscopies ?
begins at age 50 and done every 10 years
Is prostate cancer deadly ?
most likely to die with prostate cancer then to die from it
