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HISTOLOGY > PRELIM: INTRODUCTION TO HISTOLOGY > Flashcards

PRELIM: INTRODUCTION TO HISTOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of Cellular Organization

A

Cells, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Oragnism

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2
Q

is the study of the tissues of the
body and how these tissues are arranged to constitute organs.

A

HISTOLOGY

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3
Q

group cells specialized to carry an
interrelated functions and their associated extracellular matrix.

A

Tissues

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4
Q

Tissues are made up of interacting components??

A

Cells and Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

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5
Q

Cells + Extracellular Matrix (ECM) = _____

A

Tissues

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6
Q

Provide support to the cells transport nutrients and eliminate wastes.

A

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

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7
Q

Extracellular Matrix is composed of many kinds of???

A

Ground Substance and Fibers

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8
Q

What are the Extracellular Matrix in the tissue??

A

Ground Substance
Protein Fibers
Collagen Fibers
Elastic Fibers

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9
Q

What are the resident cells in the tissue??

A

Mesenchymal cell
Macrophage
Adipocyte
Fibroblast

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10
Q

The contents of the ECM may affect the function of the cells. True or false

A

True

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11
Q

To provide tissues, one must prepare thin and translucent histological sections or tissue slices that can be studied with the aid of a microscope.

A

PREPARATION OF TISSUE SLIDES

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12
Q

STEPS IN TISSUE PROCESSING:
Routine

A

Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing
Infiltration and Embedding
Trimming and Cleaning
Staining

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13
Q

STEPS IN TISSUE PROCESSING: For hard/calcified tissue

A

Fixation
Decalcification
Dehydration
Clearing
Infiltration and Embedding
Trimming and Sectioning
Staining

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14
Q

Since cellular decomposition begins
immediately after the death of a human/patient, tissues must be fixed to the cells to prevent alterations in their structure through decomposition.

(1) Avoid tissue destruction by digestive enzymes (autolysis) or through bacterial degradation.
(2) Terminate cell metabolism
(3) Preserve the structure and molecular composition,
(4) Kill pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses.
(5) Hardens the tissue by cross-linking or denaturing proteins

A

Fixation

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15
Q

Commonly used fixative is

A

Formalin

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16
Q

Fixation
- Formann
- 10% _________
- 75% __________

A

Neutral Buffered Formalin, Formalin

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17
Q

Only done in specimens such as bone and calcified tissues.

  • Purpose: Removal of calcium and lime salts; done after fixation and before dehydration and impregnation, calcium might interfere with accurate evaluation and examination.
  • Significances: Facilitate normal cutting of tissue in sectioning.
A

Decalcification

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18
Q

Hard/Calcified Tissues:

A
  1. Bone
  2. Teeth
  3. Tuberculous lungs
  4. Atherosclerotic blood vessels
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19
Q
  • Done by successively bathing the specimen in a mixture of ethanol and water from 70% to 100% (increasing concentration of alcohol)
  • Alcohol removes water from the tissue
A

Dehydration

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20
Q

best dehydrant because it is fast
acting, mixes with water and many organic solvents, and penetrates tissues easily.
 Not poisonous and not very expensive
 Clear, colorless, flammable

A

Ethanol

21
Q

Resident Cells

A

Mesenchymal cell
Macrophage
Adipocyte
Fibroblast

22
Q

The contents of the ECM may affect the function of the cells. T or F?

A

True

23
Q

PREPARATION OF TISSUE SLIDES

  • To provide tissues, one must prepare _____________ that can be studied with the aid of a
    microscope.
A

thin and translucent histological sections or tissue slices

24
Q

What are the types of tissue processing?

A

Routine and For hard/calcified tissues

25
Q

Removal of dehydrating agent by immersing the specimen in the solvent that the alcohol and
embedding medium is MISCIBLE.
- Makes tissue ‘’translucent’’ or transparent, hence the term _______

A

Clearing

26
Q

Removal of dehydrating agent by immersing the specimen in the solvent that the alcohol and
embedding medium is MISCIBLE.
- Makes tissue ‘’translucent’’ or transparent, hence the term _______

A

Clearing

27
Q

most commonly used clearing agent.

A

Xylene

28
Q

______________

  • After the clearing procedure, the tissue is placed in ________ in an oven set at ________.
  • The heat causes the clearing agent toevaporate so that the tissue will be filled up with the paraffin.
  • The tissue and paraffin will harden after removal from oven.
A

INFILTRATION AND EMBEDDING
melted paraffin
52-60 degree Celsius

29
Q
  • makes use of plastic solution which hardens tissue by cross-linking polymers.
  • Eliminates the need to use oven andparaffin; little tissue distortion.
A

plastic resins

30
Q
  • After the specimen is hardened, it is trimmed into appropriately sized blocks.
A

CUTTING AND SECTIONING

31
Q

is the removal of excess.

A

Cutting/Trimming

32
Q

is done with the aid of a microtome.

A

sectioning

33
Q

Cutting:
Sectioning:

A

steel knife
microtome

34
Q
  • Since paraffin is colorless, staining is a must.
A

Staining

35
Q

Before staining, the following should be done:

A
  • Removal of paraffin by xylol or toluol.
  • Rehydration of tissue by descending concentration of alcohol.
36
Q

Tissue with negative charges/acids are readily stained with dyes _______

Tissue = Acidic (-) to Basic dyes

A

Basophilic

37
Q

Tissues with positive charges are stained with acidic dyes ________

Tissue = Basic (+) to Acidic dye

A

Acidophilic

38
Q

Tissue with negative charges/acids are readily stained with dyes – BASOPHILIC, stained???

A

Nucleus/Nucleic Acid

39
Q

Tissues with positive charges are stained with acidic dyes – ACIDOPHILIC, stained???

A

Mitochondria, cytoplasm, collagen

40
Q

Most commonly used stain in histology

A

Hematoxylin and Eosin

41
Q

basic dye; usually stains nucleus and RNA containing portion of cytoplasm.

A

Hematoxylin

42
Q

acidic dye; usually stains cytoplasmic components and collagen

A

Eosin

43
Q

Chemical stains:

A

Feulgen Reaction
Periodic-Acid Schiff
Sudan Black

44
Q

Feulgen reaction – ________
Periodic-acid Schiff – _______
Sudan Black – _______

A

DNA
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS

45
Q

____________

  • Placing cut sections on a slide with adhesives such as ________
  • The last procedure in the series that ends with a permanent histological preparation on the table, after the staining.
A

MOUNTING
pinene or acrylic resins

46
Q

a solution in which the specimen is embedded, generally under a cover slide.

A

MOUNTING MEDIUM

47
Q

a solution in which the specimen is embedded, generally under a cover slide.

A

MOUNTING MEDIUM

48
Q
  • Fixation is done rapid freezing.
  • Compressed carbon dioxide is emitted.
  • Sectioning is done through cryostat, a refrigerated compartment containing microtome.
  • Method is rapid.
  • Routinely done in the hospital to study specimens during surgery.
  • Lipids and enzymes are best preserved in this method.
A

FROZEN SECTIONS (for emergency surgery)

HISTOLOGY (11 decks)

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