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HISTOLOGY > FINALS: URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

FINALS: URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Blood pH must remain between _______ to maintain homeostasis

A

7.35 & 7.45

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2
Q

pH above 7.45

A

ALKALOSIS

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3
Q

pH below 7.35

A

ACIDOSIS

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4
Q

arterial pH between 7.35 & 7.0

A

PHYSIOLOGICAL ACIDOSIS

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5
Q

Most ions originate as byproducts of cellular metabolism

A

MAINTAINING ACID-BASE BALANCE IN BLOOD

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6
Q

Most acid-base balance is maintained by the

A

kidneys

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7
Q

Other acid-base controlling systems

A

 Blood buffers
 Respiration

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8
Q

Systems of 1 or 2 molecules that act to prevent dramatic changes in H+ concentrations when acids/bases are added

A

BLOOD BUFFERS

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9
Q

Bind to H+ when pH ____

A

drops

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10
Q

Release H+ when pH _____

A

rises

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11
Q

1st line of defense in resisting pH changes

A

BLOOD BUFFERS

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12
Q

3 MAJOR CHEMICAL BUFFER SYSTEMS:

A

 Bicarbonate buffer system
 Phosphate buffer system
 Protein buffer system

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13
Q

Mixture of carbonic acid (H2CO3) & sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

A

BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM

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14
Q

______ react with strong acids to change them to weak acids

A

Bicarbonate ions (HCO3‾)

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15
Q

______ dissociates in the presence of a strong base to form a weak base and water.

A

Carbonic acid

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16
Q

prevents excessive water loss in urine

A

ADH

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17
Q

regulates Na+ content of ECF

A

ALDOSTERONE

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18
Q

Triggered by the renin-angiotensin mechanism

A

REGULATION OF WATER & ELECTROLYTE REABSORPTION

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19
Q

This general role of the kidneys involves a complex combination of renal functions:

A

-Secretion of renin
-Secretion of erythropoietin
-Conversion of the steroid prohormone vitamin D
-Gluconeogenesis

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20
Q

a protease important for the regulation of blood pressure by cleaving circulating angiotensinogen to angiotensin I;

A

renin

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21
Q

a glycoprotein growth factor that stimulates erythrocyte production in red marrow when the blood O2 level is low;

A

erythropoietin

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22
Q

to the active form (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or calcitriol);

A

Conversion of the steroid prohormone vitamin D, initially produced in the skin

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23
Q

during starvation or periods of prolonged fasting, making glucose from amino acids to supplement this process in the liver.

A

Gluconeogenesis

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24
Q

ORGANS & FUNCTION OF THE URINARY SYSTEM

A

KIDNEYS
URETERS
URINARY BLADDER
URETHRA

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25
Q

 Regulate aspects of homeostasis: water balance, electrolytes, acid-base balance in blood, BP (renin) , RBC production (EPO), activation of vitamin D
 Excretes wastes in urine

A

KIDNEYS

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26
Q

Transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

A

URETERS

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27
Q

Stores urine & expels it into urethra

A

URINARY BLADDER

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28
Q

Discharges urine from body

A

URETHRA

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29
Q

Lie against the dorsal body wall in a retroperitoneal position in the superior lumbar region

A

KIDNEYS

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30
Q

At the level of T12 to L3

A

KIDNEYS

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31
Q

_____ is slightly lower than the left

A

Right kidney

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32
Q

Attached to ureters, renal blood vessels, & nerves at renal hilum

A

KIDNEYS

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33
Q

Atop each is an adrenal gland

A

KIDNEYS

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34
Q

Adult: 12 cm (5in) long, 6 cm (2.5in) wide, & 3 cm (1in) thick

A

KIDNEYS

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35
Q

COVERINGS OF KIDNEY

A

FIBROUS CAPSULE
PERIRENAL FAT CAPSULE
RENAL FASCIA

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36
Q

Smooth, transparent sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that is continuous with the outer coat of the ureter

A

FIBROUS CAPSULE

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37
Q

Barrier against trauma & helps maintain the shape of kidney

A

FIBROUS CAPSULE

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38
Q

Mass of fatty tissue surrounding the fibrous capsule

A

PERIRENAL FAT CAPSULE

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39
Q

Protects the kidney from trauma & holds it firmly in place within the abdominal cavity

A

PERIRENAL FAT CAPSULE

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40
Q

Thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue

A

RENAL FASCIA

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41
Q

Anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures & to the abdominal wall

A

RENAL FASCIA

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42
Q

outer region

A

RENAL CORTEX

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43
Q

inside the cortex

A

RENAL MEDULLA

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44
Q

Triangular regions with a striped appearance

A

Renal/medullary pyramids

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45
Q

portions of the renal cortex that extend between renal pyramids

A

Renal columns

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46
Q

inner collecting tube

A

RENAL PELVIS

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47
Q

cup-shaped structures that funnel urine towards the renal pelvis

A

Calyces

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48
Q

 The structural and functional units of the kidneys
 Responsible for forming urine

A

NEPHRONS

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49
Q

MAIN STRUCTURES OF NEPHRON

A

RENAL CORPUSCLE
RENAL TUBULE

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50
Q

blood plasma is filtered

A

RENAL CORPUSCLE

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51
Q

capillary network

A

Glomerulus

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52
Q

surrounds the glomerulus & its inner layer is made up of podocytes

A

Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)

53
Q

(filtered fluid (glomerular filtrate) passes before entering a collecting ducts): 3 cm long

A

RENAL TUBULE

54
Q

3 TYPES OF RENAL TUBULE

A

 Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
 Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
 Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

55
Q

2 TYPES OF NEPHRONS

A

CORTICAL NEPHRONS
JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS

56
Q

CORTICAL NEPHRONS

A

 Located entirely in the cortex
 Includes most nephrons

57
Q

Found at the boundary of the cortex & medulla

A

JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS

58
Q

CAPILLARY BEDS ASSOCIATED WITH NEPHRONS

A

GLOMERULUS
PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES

59
Q

 Feeder vessel: afferent arteriole  Receives blood that has passed through glomerulus: efferent arteriole

A

GLOMERULUS

60
Q

 Arise from efferent arteriole of the glomerulus
 Normal, low-pressure capillaries
 Attached to a venule
 Cling close to the renal tubule
 Reabsorb (reclaim) some substances from collecting tubes

A

PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES

61
Q

 H2O & most solutes in blood plasma move across the wall of the glomerulus, where they are filtered & move into thee glomerular capsule & then into the renal tubule
 Nonselective passive process
 Water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through capillary walls
 Blood cells cannot pass out to the capillaries

A

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

62
Q

is collected in the glomerular capsule and leaves via the renal tube.

63
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR):

A

125 mL/min

64
Q

Filtration occurs through a structure of three parts:

A
  • The fenestrations of the capillary endothelium, which blocks blood cells and platelets
  • The thick, combined basal laminae, or GBM, which restricts large proteins and some organic anions
  • The filtration slit diaphragms between pedicels, which restrict some small proteins and organic anions.
65
Q

 1st function to be affected in renal disease
 Begins as soon as the filtrate enters PCT
 The peritubular capillaries reabsorb several materials: some water, glucose, amino acids, ions
 Some reabsorption is passive, most is active

A

TUBULAR REABSORPTION

66
Q

MATERIALS NOT REABSORBED:

A
  • Nitrogenous waste products
  • Urea
  • Uric acid
  • Creatinine
  • Excess water
67
Q

 Tubular reabsorption in reverse
 Some materials (H+, K+, creatinine, drugs) move from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules
 Materials left in the renal tubule move toward the ureter & make their way into the urine.

A

TUBULAR SECRETION

68
Q

2 MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF TUBULAR SECRETION

A
  1. Regulation of the acid-base balance in the body through the secretion of hydrogen ions.
  2. Elimination of waste products not filtered by the glomerulus.
69
Q

major site for removal of nonfiltered substances

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

70
Q

Kidneys filters____

A

150-180 L of blood plasma

71
Q

Only about ____ of urine are produced

72
Q

components same as blood plasma (except proteins)

73
Q

nitrogenous wastes & unneeded substances

74
Q

Substance: Glucose
Name of condition: ___
Nonpathological: ×
Pathological: ×

A

Glycosuria

75
Q

Substance: Glucose
Name of condition: Glycosuria
Nonpathological: _____
Pathological: ×

A

Excessive intake of sugary foods

76
Q

Substance: Glucose
Name of condition: Glycosuria
Nonpathological: Excessive intake of sugary foods
Pathological: _____

A

Diabetes mellitus

77
Q

Substance: Proteins
Name of condition: ___
Nonpathological: ×
Pathological: ×

A

Proteinuria

78
Q

Substance: Proteins
Name of condition: Proteinuria
Nonpathological: _____
Pathological: ×

A

Physical exertion, pregnancy

79
Q

Substance: Proteins
Name of condition: Proteinuria
Nonpathological: Physical exertion, pregnancy
Pathological: ____

A

Glomerulonephritis, hypertension

80
Q

Substance: Pus (WBCs and bacteria)
Name of condition: _____
Possible causes: ×

81
Q

Substance: Pus (WBCs and bacteria)
Name of condition: Pyuria
Possible causes: ___

A

Urinary tract infection

82
Q

Substance: RBCs
Name of condition: _____
Possible causes: ×

83
Q

Substance: RBCs
Name of condition: Hematuria
Possible causes: ____

A

Bleeding in the urinary tract (due to trauma, kidney stones, infection)

84
Q

Substance: Hemoglobin
Name of condition: _____
Possible causes: ×

A

Hemoglobinuria

85
Q

Substance: Hemoglobin
Name of condition: Hemoglobinuria
Possible causes: ____

A

Various: Transfusion reaction, hemolytic anemia

86
Q

Substance: Bile pigment
Name of condition: _____
Possible causes: ×

A

Bilirubinuria

87
Q

Substance: Bile pigment
Name of condition: Bilirubinuria
Possible causes: _____

A

Liver (hepatitis) disease

88
Q

 2 slender attaching the kidney to the bladder
 25-30 cm (10-12 in) long & 6 mm (1/4 in) in diameter
 Peristalsis (contraction of smooth muscle layers in their walls) aids gravity in urine transport
 Small valvelike folds of bladder mucosa: prevents urine from flowing back into the ureters

89
Q

_____contraction of smooth muscle layers in their walls

A

Peristalsis

90
Q

 Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac
 Temporarily stores urine
 Trigone (3 openings)

A

URINARY BLADDER

91
Q

Trigone (3 openings)

A
  • 2 ureter openings (ureteral orifices) - Single opening of urethra (internal urethral orifice: drains the bladder
92
Q

prostate gland surrounds the neck of the bladder

93
Q

 3 layers of smooth muscle (detrusor muscle)
 Mucosa made of transitional epithelium
 Walls are thick & folded in an empty bladder
 Bladder can expand significantly without increasing internal pressure

A

URINARY BLADDER

94
Q

Thin-walled tube that carries urine by peristalsis from the bladder to the outside of the body

95
Q

Release of urine is controlled by 2 sphincters:

A

INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER
EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

96
Q

(involuntary): smooth muscle

A

INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

97
Q

(voluntary): skeletal muscle

A

EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

98
Q

The male urethra is longer and consists of three segments:

A

PROSTATIC URETHRA
MEMBRANOUS URETHRA
SPONGY URETHRA

99
Q

3-4 cm long, extends through the prostate gland and is lined by urothelium

A

PROSTATIC URETHRA

100
Q

short segment, passes through an external sphincter of striated muscle and is lined by stratified columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

MEMBRANOUS URETHRA

101
Q

15 cm in length, is enclosed within erectile tissue of the penis and is lined by stratified columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stratified squamous epithelium distally

A

SPONGY URETHRA

102
Q

2 sphincters control the flow of urine from the bladder, both must open to allow voiding:

A

INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER
EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

103
Q

relaxed after stretching of the bladder
- Activation is from an impulse sent to the spinal cord & then back via the pelvic splanchnic nerves

A

INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

104
Q

must be voluntarily relaxed

A

EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

105
Q

 Falling/floating kidney, is an inferior displacement/dropping of the kidney
 Cause: Kidney is not securely held in place by adjacent organs/its covering of fat
 Dangerous because the ureter may kink & block urine flow—exerts pressure on kidney tissue (hydronephrosis)

A

NEPHROPTOSIS

106
Q

 Abnormally low urinary output (100-400 mL/day)
 Indicates that glomerular BP is too low to cause filtration
 Other causes: transfusion reactions & acute inflammation/from crush injuries of the kidneys

107
Q

<100 mL/day urine

108
Q

 Formed by the occasional precipitation & solidification of the crystals of salts present in urine
 Commonly contain crystals of calcium oxalate, uric acid or calcium phosphate

A

RENAL CALCULI (KIDNEY STONES)

109
Q

 Decrease/cessation of glomerular filtration
 Kidneys abruptly stop working entirely
 Main feature: suppression of urine flow (oliguria/anuria)

A

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

110
Q

Infection of a part of the urinary system/presence of large numbers of microbes in urine

A

URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)

111
Q

inflammation of urethra

A

URETHRITIS

112
Q

inflammation of urinary bladder

113
Q

kidney inflammation

A

PYELONEPHRITIS/PYELITIS

114
Q

Symptoms: DYSURIA (painful urination), urinary urgency & frequency, fever

A

URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)

115
Q

 Unable to voluntarily control the external sphincter
 Normal in infants & children 2-3 years old

A

INCONTINENCE

116
Q

TYPES OF INCONTINENCE

A
  • Stress incontinence
  • Urge incontinence
  • Overflow incontinence
  • Functional incontinence
117
Q

 Bladder is unable to expel its contained urine
 Causes:
- After surgery in which anesthesia has been given
- Hyperplasia (enlargement) of prostate gland

A

URINARY RETENTION

118
Q

 ADH is not released, huge amounts of very dilute urine (25 L/day) flush from the body day after day
 Can lead to severe dehydration & electrolyte imbalances
 Always thirsty & have to drink fluids almost continuously to maintain normal fluid balance

A

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

119
Q

 Hypoaldosteronism
 Have polyuria (excrete large volumes of urine) & lose tremendous amounts of salt & water to urine

A

ADDISON’S DISEASE

120
Q

Degenerative condition, 1 or both kidneys enlarge & have many blisterlike sacs (cysts) containing urine

A

ACUTE POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

121
Q

 Condition found in male babies only
 Urethral orifice is located on the ventral surface of the penis

A

HYPOSPADIAS

122
Q

 Inflammation of the kidney that involves the glomeruli
 Common cause: allergic reaction to the toxins produced by streptococcal bacteria that have recently infected another part of the body (the throat)

A

GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

123
Q

 The thickening and loss of function in the GBM produced as part of the systemic microvascular sclerosis in diabetes mellitus
 Is the leading cause of (irreversible) endstage kidney disease in the United States, treatment requires either a kidney transplant or regular artificial hemodialysis

A

DIABETIC GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS

124
Q

 One of the most common problems caused by sickle cell disease
 Occurs when the affected erythrocytes sickle in the vasa recta, because of the low oxygen tension there.
 The nephropathy results from renal infarcts, usually within the renal papillae or pyramids

A

SICKLE CELL NEPHROPATHY

125
Q

Bacterial infections of the urinary tract can lead to inflammation of the ____

A

RENAL PELVIS and CALYCES, or PYELONEPHRITIS

126
Q

bacteria often move from one or more minor calyx into the associated renal papilla, causing accumulation of neutrophils in the collecting ducts.

A

ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS

127
Q

 Or the inflammation of the bladder mucosa
 Is the most frequent problem involving this organ
 Such inflammation is common during urinary tract infections

128
Q

 It can also be caused by immunodeficiency, urinary catheterization, radiation, or chemotherapy.
 Chronic cystitis can cause an unstable urothelium, with benign urothelial changes involving hyperplasia or metaplasia
 Bladder cancer is usually some form of transitional cell carcinoma arising from unstable urothelium.

HISTOLOGY (11 decks)

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