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HISTOLOGY > PREFINAL: IMMUNE SYSTEM AND LYMPHOID ORGANS > Flashcards

PREFINAL: IMMUNE SYSTEM AND LYMPHOID ORGANS Flashcards

1
Q

IMMUNE SYSTEM & LYMPHOID ORGANS
- Consists of 2 semi-independent parts:

A

Lymphatic vessels
Lymphoid tissues & organs

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2
Q

Lymphoid tissues & organs 2 types

A

Primary Lymphoid Organs
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

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3
Q

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

A

Primary Lymphoid Organs

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4
Q

Spleen, Lymph nodes, and Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)

A

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

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5
Q

o Transport fluids back to the blood.
o play essential roles in body defense and disease resistance.
o Provides defense or immunity against foreign antigens inside the body.

A

IMMUNE SYSTEM & LYMPHOID ORGANS

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6
Q

Russian scientist who discovered and observed phagocytosis (cells
that eat cells) under the microscope.

A

ELLIE METCHNIKOFF

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7
Q

serum proteins produced by certain lymphocytes when exposed to a certain substance.

A

ANTIBODIES

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8
Q

PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS:

A

Bone Marrow
Thymus

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9
Q

One of the largest tissues in the body and fills the core of all long flat bones.

A

Bone Marrow

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10
Q

Main source of HSC (erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes,
platelets, and lymphocytes)

A

bone Marrow

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11
Q

Small, flat, bilobed organ found in the thorax, or chest cavity, right
below the thyroid gland and overlying the heart.

A

Thymus

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12
Q

Thymus weight by puberty?

A

30 to 40 g

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13
Q

Produces enough young t lymphocytes early in life.

A

Thymus

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14
Q

Maturation of T cells:

A

3 weeks

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15
Q

Mature T cells released from the

A

medulla

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16
Q

Functions at peak levels only during ________ & produces hormones (like thymosin) to program lymphocytes.

A

childhood

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17
Q

form in the thymus upon interacting with dendritic cells presenting self-antigens in a process promoted by cytokines from thymic epithelial cell (TEC) aggregates called Hassall
corpuscles, found only in the thymic medulla.

A

Regulatory T cells

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18
Q

After maturation of T cells, they make their way to secondary lymphoid
organs.
- Main contact with foreign antigens takes place.

A

SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS

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19
Q

largest lymphatic vessel in the body.
• Collects most of the body’s lymph fluid and empties it into the left subclavian vein.

A

THORACIC DUCT

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20
Q

Making of lymphocytes which occurs in secondary lymphoid organs and
is dependent on antigenic stimulation.

A

LYMPHOPOESIS

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21
Q

Largest secondary lymphoid organ.

A

spleen

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22
Q

Located in the upper-left quadrant of the abdomen below the diaphragm.

A

spleen

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23
Q

Large discriminating filler that removes old and damaged cells and foreign antigens from the blood.

A

spleen

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24
Q

Spleen receives blood vol. _______ and allows lymphocytes and macrophages to constantly survey for infectious agents

A

approx. 350 mL/minute

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25
Q

lined by unusual endothelial cells called “stave cells”

A

SPLENIC SINUSOIDS

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26
Q

elongated and aligned parallel to blood flow with open slits between the cells.

A

STAVE CELLS

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27
Q

2 types of spleen

A

red pulp
white pulp

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28
Q

Filters blood, removes defective erythrocytes, and recycles hemoglobin iron, consists of splenic cords with macrophages and blood cells of all kinds and splenic sinusoids.

A

red pulp

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29
Q

Blood flow in red pulp is either a

A

close circulation or open circulation

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30
Q

CLOSE CIRCULATION, moving from
capillaries into the

A

venous sinusoids

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31
Q

OPEN CIRCULATION, capillaries
open directly into

A

splenic cords

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32
Q

only 20% of the spleen, is a secondary lymphoid tissue associated with small central arterioles that are also enclosed by PALS (periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths) of T cells.

A

white pulp

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33
Q

contains mainly T-cells.

A

Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)

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34
Q

contain B cells that are not yet stimulated by antigens.

A

Primary follicles

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35
Q

Kidney-shaped, <1inch long & covered by a capsule of dense connective
tissue. Located along lymphatic ducts, numerous near joints, and where the arms and legs join the body.

A

LYMPH NODES

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36
Q

o Provide the ideal environment for contact with foreign antigens that
penetrate the tissues.
o Filtration of interstitial fluid from around cells in the tissues,
it allows contact between lymphocytes and foreign antigens
from the tissues.
o Filters lymph and provides a site for B-cell activation and
differentiation to antibody-secreting plasma cells.
o Provide the ideal environment for contact with foreign
antigens that penetrate the tissues

A

LYMPH NODES

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37
Q

fluid that surrounds cells & tissues.

A

INTERSTITIAL FLUID

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38
Q

filtrate of blood and arises from the passage of water and into the interstitial spaces between cells.

A

LYMPH FLUID

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39
Q

2 types of lymphatic vessels

A

lymph capillaries
lymphatic vessels

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40
Q

Walls overlap to form flap-like mini valves & fluid leaks
into them.
▪ Higher pressure on the inside closes mini valves.

A

lymph capillaries

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41
Q

Collects lymph from lymph capillaries & carries lymph to
& away from lymph nodes.
• Returns fluid to circulatory veins near the heart.

A

Lymphatic collecting vessels/Lymphatic vessels

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42
Q

ideal location for phagocytosis

A

sinuses

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43
Q

consist of antigen-stimulated proliferating B cells

A

secondary follicles

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44
Q

transformation of B cells takes place.

A

Germinal center

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45
Q

outer part, contains follicles (collections of lymphocytes).

A

cortex

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46
Q

location of T-cells in lymph nodes.

A

paracortex

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47
Q

inner part, contains phagocytic macrophages.

A

medulla

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48
Q

defense cells

A

macrophages
lymphocytes

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49
Q

engulf and destroy foreign substances.

A

macrophages

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50
Q

provide immune response to antigens.

A

lymphocytes

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51
Q
  • Found in gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts. - One of the largest lymphoid organs (70%) - Ex. Tonsils, appendix, and urogenital tracts, and Peyer patches (a specialized type of MALT located at lower ileum of t h e intestinal tract)
A

MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHATIC TISSUE (MALT)

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52
Q
  • Found in gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts. - One of the largest lymphoid organs (70%) - Ex. Tonsils, appendix, and urogenital tracts, and Peyer patches (a specialized type of MALT located at lower ileum of t h e intestinal tract)
A

MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHATIC TISSUE (MALT)

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53
Q

Location: Small masses of lymphoid tissue around the pharynx
▪ Trap & remove bacteria & other foreign materials

A

Tonsil

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54
Q

located posteriorly on the soft palate, are covered by stratified squamous epithelium.
▪ The surface area of each is enlarged with 10-20 deep invaginations or tonsillar crypts in which th

A

Palatine tonsil

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55
Q

are situated along the base of the tongue, are also covered by stratified squamous epithelium with crypts, and have many of the same features as palatine tonsils but lack distinct capsules.

A

Lingual tonsils

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56
Q

is situated in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx, is covered by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, and has a thin underlying capsule.

A

pharyngeal tonsil

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57
Q

▪ Location: Wall of the small intestine, resembling tonsils in structure
▪ Capture & destroy bacteria in the intestine

A

PEYER’S PATCHES

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58
Q

▪ Location: Tubelike offshoot of the 1st part of the large intestine
▪ Has lymphoid follicles, that capture & destroy bacteria.

A

appendix

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59
Q

2 types of immnunity

A

innate immunity and adpative immunity

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60
Q

the ability to resist infection by means of normally present body functions.

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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61
Q

acquired gradually by exposure to microorganisms

A

adaptive immunity

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62
Q

Non-specific and without memory

A

innate immunity

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63
Q

Specific and with memory

A

Adaptive immunity

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64
Q

innate immunity is mediated by:

A

Granulocytes and other leukocytes

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65
Q

adaptive immunity is mediated by

A

lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells (APCs)

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66
Q

cells involved in innate immunity

A

Phagocytes, Basophils, Macrophages, Dendritic cells

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67
Q

cell involved in adaptive immunity

A

b and t cell

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68
Q

response time of innate immunity

A

immediate

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69
Q

response time of adaptive immunity

A

delayed

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70
Q

occurrence of innate immunity

A

natural

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71
Q

occurrence of adaptive immunity

A

stimulated

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72
Q

processes involved in innate immunity

A

phagocytosis and antigen preservation

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73
Q

processes involved in adaptive immunity

A

b-cell activation and t-cell activation

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74
Q

specifity of innate immunity

A

non-specific

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75
Q

specificity of adaptive immunity

A

specific

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76
Q

life span of innate immunity

A

short term

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77
Q

span of adaptive immunity

A

long term

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78
Q

phatogen recognition of innate immunity

A

toll-like receptors

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79
Q

phatogen recognition of adaptive immunity

A

memory cells

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80
Q

Mechanisms protect against a variety of invaders. • Responds immediately to protect the body from all foreign materials.

A

INNATE IMMUNITY/INNATE BODY DEFENSE

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81
Q

what are the first line of defense?

A

skin
intact mucous membranes

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82
Q

Forms mechanical barrier to foreign materials

A

skin

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83
Q

Skin secretions (pH 3-5) make epidermal surface acidic, inhibits bacterial growth; sebum also contains bacteria-killing chemicals.

A

acid mantle

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84
Q

Provides resistance against acids, alkalis, & bacterial enzymes.

A

keratin

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85
Q

Form mechanical barrier that prevents entry of pathogens

A

intact mucous membranes

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86
Q

Traps microorganisms in respiratory & digestive tracts

A

mucus

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87
Q

Filter & trap microorganisms in nasal passages

A

nasal hairs

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88
Q

Propel debris-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages

A

cilia

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89
Q

Contains concentrated HCl & protein-digesting enzymes that destroy pathogens in stomach

A

gastric juice

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90
Q

Inhibits growth of bacteria & fungi in female reproductive tract

A

acid mantle of vagina

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91
Q

Continuously lubricate & cleanse eyes (tears) & oral cavity (saliva); contain lysozyme, an enzyme that destroys microorganisms

A

Lacrimal secretion (tears); saliva

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92
Q

First Line of Defense

A

Surface Membrane Barriers

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93
Q

Second Line of Defense

A

Cellular & Chemical Defenses

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94
Q

what are the second line of defense?

A

phagocytes
natural killer cells
inflammatory response

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95
Q

Engulfs foreign material into a vacuole & enzymes from lysosomes digest the material

A

phagocytes (neutrophil and macrophages)

96
Q

promote cell lysis (releasing perforins) by direct cell attack against virus-infected/cancerous body cells

A

natural killer cells

97
Q

Triggered when body tissues are injured.

A

inflammatory response

98
Q

5 cardinal signs

A

rubor (redness)
calor (heat)
tumor (swelling)
dolor (pain)
functio laesa (loss of function)

99
Q

Results in a chain of events leading to protection and healing. • Prevents spread of injurious agents to adjacent tissues, disposes of pathogens & dead tissue cells, & promotes tissue repair.
• Releases chemical mediators that attract phagocytes (& immune cells) to the area

A

inflammatory response

100
Q

LEUKOCYTES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophil
Monocyte

101
Q

AKA POLYMORPHONUCLEAR NEUTROPHILIC (PMN) LEUKOCYTE, it represents approximately 50% to 75% of the total peripheral WBCs in adults.

A

neutrophils

102
Q

These are around 10 to 15 μm in diameter with a nucleus that has between two to five lobes. Hence, they are often called

A

segmented neutrophils

103
Q

2 types of neutrophil granules

A

azuropholic or primary granules
specific or secondary granules

104
Q

Azurophilic or primary granules contain antimicrobial products such as

A

myeloperoxidase
lysozyme
elastase
proteinase 3
cathepsin G
defensins

105
Q

Specific granules, also known as secondary granules, contain

A

lysoxyme
lactoferrin
gelatinase
collagenase
respiratory burst components

106
Q

Eosinophils are approximately 12 to 15 μm in diameter and normally make up between 1% and 3% of the circulating WBCs in a nonallergic person.
o Their number increases in an allergic reaction or in response to certain parasitic infections.
o The nucleus is usually bilobed or ellipsoidal and is often eccentrically located. o Eosinophils are capable of phagocytosis but are much less efficient than neutrophils because they are present in smaller numbers, and they lack digestive enzymes

A

Eosinophils

107
Q

can neutralize basophil and mast cell products. o They can use cationic proteins to damage cell membranes and kill larger parasites that cannot be phagocytized.

A

Eosinophils

108
Q

the regulation of the immune response, including the regulation of mast cell function.

A

important role of Eosinophils

109
Q

The least numerous WBC found in peripheral blood, representing less than 1% of all circulating WBCs.
o The smallest of the granulocytes, basophils are slightly larger than RBCs (between 10 to 15 μm in diameter) and contain coarse, densely staining deepbluish-purple granules that often obscure the nucleus.

A

Basophils

110
Q

Constituents of these basophil granules includes

A

histamine, cytokines, growth factors, and a small amount of heparin

111
Q

regulate some T helper (Th) cell responses and stimulate B cells to produce the antibody IgE

A

Basophils

112
Q

are the largest cells in the peripheral blood with a diameter that can vary from 12 to 22 μm (the average is 18 μm). One distinguishing feature is an irregularly folded or horseshoe-shaped nucleus that occupies almost onehalf of the entire cell’s volume.
o Cytoplasm stains a dull grayish blue and has a ground-glass appearance because of the presence of fine dustlike granules.

A

monocyte

113
Q

2 types of monocyte granules

A

first type and second type

114
Q

They stay in peripheral blood for up to ________; they then migrate to the tissues and become known as macrophages.

A

30 hours

115
Q

arise from monocytes, which can be thought of as macrophage precursors because additional differentiation and cell division take place in the tissues.

A

macrophages

116
Q

play an important role in initiating and regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses

A

macrophages

117
Q

resemble basophils, but they come from a different lineage. Mast cells are distributed throughout the body in a wide variety of tissues.
o Mast cells are larger than basophils with a small round nucleus and more granules. Unlike basophils, they have a long-life span of between 9-18 months.

A

mast cell

118
Q

helps to distinguish them from basophils because they contain acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and protease, as well as histamine.

A

mast cells

119
Q

are so named because they are covered with long membranous extensions that make them resemble nerve cell dendrites.

A

dendritic cells

120
Q

dentric cells were discovered by

A

Steinman and Cohn in 1973

121
Q

o It is considered the most effective APC in the body, as well as the most potent phagocytic cell.

A

dendritic cell

122
Q

an enzyme made by neutrophils and cells of epithelial barriers, which hydrolyzes bacterial cell wall components, killing those cells.

A

lysozyme

123
Q

short cationic polypeptides produced by neutrophils and various epithelial cells that kill bacteria by disrupting the cell walls.

A

defensins

124
Q

Paracrine factors from leukocytes and virus-infected cells that signal NK cells to kill such cells and adjacent cells to resist viral infection. ▪ Mobilize the immune system.

A

interferon

125
Q

Normally acid pH inhibits bacterial growth ▪ Urine cleanses the lower urinary tract as it flushes from the body

A

Fluids with acid pH

126
Q

Abnormally high body temperature, a systemic response to invading microorganisms.

A

fever

127
Q

Hypothalamus heat regulation can be reset by

A

pyrogens

128
Q

Specific defense, required for each type of invader

A

3rd line of defense

129
Q

recognizes & acts against particular foreign substances.

A

Antigen-specific

130
Q

not restricted to the initial infection site

A

systemic

131
Q

recognizes & mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens.

A

has memory

132
Q

Types of Immunity

A

humoral immunity
cellular immunity

133
Q

• Antibody-mediated immunity
• Cells produce chemicals for defense.

A

humoral immunity

134
Q

• Cell-mediated immunity (lymphocytes) • Cells target virus-infected cells.

A

cellular immunity

135
Q

Any substance capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response.

A

antigens

136
Q

Common examples of antigen

A

• Foreign proteins • Nucleic acids •
Large carbohydrates
• Some lipids • Pollen grains • Microorganisms

137
Q

• Our immune cells do not attack our own proteins. • Our cells in another person’s body can trigger an immune response because they are foreign restrict donors for transplants

A

self-antigens

138
Q

small molecules are not antigenic, but when they link up with our own proteins, can elicit an immune response (harmful rather than protective because it attacks our own cells)

A

Hapten (incomplete antigen)

139
Q

key cells involved in the adaptive immune response

A

lymphocytes

140
Q

become immunocompetent in the bone marrow; produce antibodies & oversee humoral immunity. ▪ B cell precursor end result is a B lymphocyte programmed

A

b cells

141
Q

Other surface proteins that appear on the B cell include

A

CD19, CD21, and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules

142
Q

become immunocompetent in the thymus; nonantibody-producing lymphocytes that constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defense system

A

t-cell

143
Q

3 subtypes of t-cell

A

Helper T cells (Th cells)
Cytolytic cells
Regulatory T cells

144
Q

Helper T cells (Th cells) are characterized by

A

CD4

145
Q

Activated by such binding, helper T cells greatly assist immune responses by producing cytokines that promote

A

Helper T cells (Th cells)

146
Q

Cytolytic cells: characterized by

A

CD8

147
Q

Also called killer T cells, they attach to the cell sources of the antigens and remove them by releasing perforins and granzymes, which trigger apoptosis

A

Cytolytic cells

148
Q

Regulatory T cells (Tregs or suppressor T cells): characterized by

A

CD4+ AND CD25+

149
Q

play crucial roles in allowing immune tolerance, maintaining unresponsiveness to self-antigens and suppressing excessive immune responses. ▪ serve to inhibit specific immune responses

A

regulatory t cells

150
Q

represent a smaller subpopulation whose TCRs contain γ (gamma) and δ (delta) chains instead of α and β c

A

γδ T lymphocytes

151
Q

A small percentage of lymphocytes do not express the markers of either T cells or B cells. They are named natural killer cells because they have the ability to kill target cells without prior exposure to them

A

NK CELLS

152
Q

NK CELLS FOUND MAINLY IN THE

A

liver, spleen, and peripheral blood

153
Q

There are no surface markers that are unique to NK cells, but they express a specific combination of antigens that can be used for identification which are

A

CD16 and CD56

154
Q

NK cells have a half-life

A

7-10 days

155
Q

Engulf antigens & then present fragments of them, on their own surfaces where they can be recognized by T cells

A

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

156
Q

3 major types of Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

A

dendritic cells
macrophage
b lymphocytes

157
Q

(Langerhans cells): present in connective tissues & in the epidermis, best situated to act as mobile sentinels

A

dendritic cells

158
Q

arise from monocytes, widely distributed throughout the lymphoid organs & connective tissues, where they act as phagocytes

A

macrophages

159
Q

TYPES OF IMMUNITY (ADAPTIVE)

A

humoral immunity
cellular immunity

160
Q

▪ Antibody-mediated immunity
▪ Cells produce chemicals for defense.

A

humoral immunity

161
Q

▪ Cell-mediated immunity (lymphocytes)
▪ Cells target virus-infected cells

A

cellular immunity

162
Q

Cells target virus-infected cells.

A

CELLULAR IMMUNITY

163
Q

B lymphocytes with specific receptors bind to a specific antigen
• The binding event activates the lymphocyte to undergo clonal selection

A

HUMORAL IMMUNITY

164
Q

2 types of HUMORAL IMMUNITY

A

primary humoral response
secondary humoral response

165
Q

a large number of clones are produced.
• Most B cells become plasma cells: produce antibodies to destroy antigens (lasts for 4-5 days)

A

primary humoral response

166
Q

long-lived memory of some B cells
▪ A 2nd exposure causes a rapid response (stronger & longer-lasting)
• Can be active or passive

A

secondary humoral response

167
Q

B cells encounter antigens & produce antibodies

A

ACTIVE IMMUNITY

168
Q

▪ Immunological memory does not occur.
▪ Protection provided by “borrowed antibodies” ends when they naturally degrade in the body

A

PASSIVE IMMUNITY

169
Q

• Antigens must be presented by macrophages (or by other APCs) to an immunocompetent T cell (antigen presentation)
• T cells must recognize nonself & self (double recognition)
• After antigen binding, clones form as with B cells, but different classes of cells are produced

A

CELLULAR (CELL-MEDIATED) IMMUNE RESPONSE

170
Q

o Soluble proteins secreted by B cells (plasma cells)
o Carried in blood plasma.
o Capable of binding specifically to an antigen

A

ANTIBODIES/IMMUNOGLOBULINS

171
Q

Structure:
▪ 4 amino a cid chains linked by disulfide bonds.
▪ 2 identical amino acid chains are linked to form a heavy chain.
▪ The other 2 identical chains are light chains.
▪ Specific antigen-binding sites are present.

A

ANTIBODIES/IMMUNOGLOBULINS

172
Q

• Antibodies prepared for clinical testing/diagnostic services.
• Produced from descendants of a single cell line.
• Pure antibody preparations that exhibit specificity for one, & only one, antigen

A

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

173
Q

Examples of uses:
▪ Delivers cancer-fighting drugs to cancerous tissue (early cancer diagnosis)
▪ Diagnosis of pregnancy
▪ Treatment after exposure to hepatitis & rabies.

A

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

174
Q

5 CLASSES OF ANTIBODIES (GAMDE/GAMED)

A

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE

175
Q

• most abundant with 75 – 85%
• Highly soluble
• Functions: activates phagocytosis & neutralizes antigens

A

IgG

176
Q

4 TYPES OF IGG

A

IgG1
IgG2
IgG3
IgG4

177
Q

can across the placenta

A

IgG1

178
Q

cannot across the placenta

A

IgG2

179
Q

can fix the complement.

A

IgG3

180
Q

cannot fix the complement.

A

IgG4

181
Q

against certain infections until the newborn’s own adaptive immune system is acquired.

A

IgG Primary immunity

182
Q

• Anamnestic Response Antibody
• Most abundant in SERUM.
• Most efficient in Precipitation.
• Activates Complement Classical Pathway, Opsonin Viral Neutralization, Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity

A

IgG

183
Q

• Present in almost all exocrine secretions with 10-15%
• Dimeric: heavy chains of 2 monomers are united by a polypeptide called “J chain”
• Produced by plasma cells in digestive, respiratory and reproductive tracts.
• Secretory component: released by epithelial cells as IgA undergoes
transcytosis.
• Function: protects mucosae

A

IgA

184
Q

found in blood.

A

Monomeric IgA

185
Q

found in secretions (saliva, tears, breastmilk); the only antibody with secretory components.

A

Dimeric IgA

186
Q

B-cell production of IgA primarily happens in____

A

MALT

187
Q

5-10% in population

A

IgM

188
Q

present in plasma

A

Pentameric IgM

189
Q

present on the surface of naïve B cell.

A

Monomeric IgM

190
Q

• With J-chain (JOINING CHAIN)
• B-lymphocyte surface (monomer)
• Exits in a pentameric form united by a J chain.
• Initial response to an antigen.
• most effective antibody class in activating the complement system
• PRIMARY RESPONSE ANTIBODY
• Activates Complement Classical Pathway
• Indicates Acute Infection

A

IgM

191
Q

• Found on the surface of naïve B cells.
• With extended hinge region.
• Role in B-Cell: Acts as antigen receptor for ACTIVATION, MATURATION, AND DIFFERENTIATION.
• Least abundant with 0.001%
• Least understood class of antibody

A

IgD

192
Q

• Formerly Reagenic Antibody aka Homocytotropic Antibody
• Most Heat Labile
• Binds to Mast Cells, Eosinophils, and Basophils.
• Less abundant with 0.002%
• bound to receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophils
• When encounters the antigen, the antigen-antibody complex triggers
substances such as histamine, heparin, and leukotrienes.
• Functions: destroys parasitic worms and participates in allergies.’

A

IgE

193
Q

Binding of antigen-binding site of an antibody with antigen causes

A

ACTIONS OF ANTIBODY

194
Q

3 types of ACTIONS OF ANTIBODY

A

NEUTRALIZATION
AGGLUTINATION
PRECIPITATION

195
Q

antibody covers the biologically active portion of microbe toxin

A

NEUTRALIZATION

196
Q

antibody cross-links cells (ex. Bacteria) forming a “clump”.

A

AGGLUTINATION

197
Q

Antibody cross-links circulating particles (ex. Toxins), forming an insoluble antigen- antibody complex.

A

NEUTRALIZATION

198
Q

Exposed Fc portion following antigen binding by antibody promotes:

A

COMPLEMENT FIXATION
OPSONIZATION
ACTIVATION OF NK CELLS

199
Q

Fc region of antibody binds complement proteins; complement is activated.

A

COMPLEMENT FIXATION

200
Q

Fc region of antibody binds to receptors of phagocytic cell, triggering phagocytosis.

A

OPSONIZATION

201
Q

Fc region of the antibody binds to an NK cell, triggering release of cytotoxic chemicals.

A

ACTIVATION OF NK CELLS

202
Q

2 TYPE OF ANTIGEN PRESENTATION

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs)

203
Q
  • Abundant antigen-presenting proteins.
  • Made in rough ER and golgi apparatus.
A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

204
Q

2 TYPES OF Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs)

A

MHC Class I
MHC Class II

205
Q

present antigens to cytotoxic cells with CD8+ receptors.

A

MHC Class I

206
Q

present antigens to helper T cells with CD4+ receptors.

A

MHC Class II

207
Q

Encoded by genes in large chromosomal loci having high degrees of allelic variation between different individuals.

A

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs)

208
Q

Failure of the third (and fourth) pharyngeal pouches to develop normally in the embryo leads
to ________, characterized by thymic hypoplasia (or aplasia). Lacking many or all thymic epithelial cells, such individuals cannot produce T lymphocytes properly and have
severely depressed cell-mediated immunity.
o The retrovirus that produces acquired immuno

A

DiGeorge syndrome

209
Q

Inflammation of the tonsils, ______, is more common in children than adults. Chronic inflammation of the pharyngeal lymphoid tissue and tonsils of children often produces hyperplasia and enlargement of the tonsils to form “adenoids,” which can obstruct the eustachian tube and lead to middle ear infections.

A

tonsillitis

210
Q

Neoplastic proliferation of lymphocytes, producing a _______ may occur diffusely but is often located in one or more lymph nodes.

A

malignant lymphoma

211
Q

Such growth can completely
obliterate the normal architecture of the node and convert it to an enlarged, encapsulated structure filled with lymphocytes; a condition called ______.

A

lymphadenopathy

212
Q

the immune system does not distinguish between self & nonself and body produces antibodies (auto-antibodies) & sensitized T cells that attack & damage its own
tissues

A

Autoimmune Diseases

213
Q

Failure of the immune system to recognize & tolerate the body’s own cells & tissues as “self“.
- Key factor in the development of autoimmune diseases
- Appearance of self-proteins in the circulation that have not been exposed to the immune system (sperm, eggs, eye lens)
- Cross-reaction of antibodies produced against foreign antigens with self-antigens:

A

Self-Tolerance Breakdown

214
Q

(caused by Streptecoccus pyogenes bacteria): trigger an immune response in which antibodies produced to destroy the bacteria instead attack & inflame the connective tissues in joints, heart valves, & other organs

A

Rheumatic heart fever

215
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis: joints

A

Anti-Rheumatoid Factor

216
Q

Myasthenia gravis: Ach receptors at the neuromuscular junction

A

Anti-acetylcholine receptor

217
Q

Multiple sclerosis: white matter (myelin sheaths)

A

Anti-myelin sheath

218
Q

Graves’ disease: thyroid gland

A

Anti-TSH receptor

219
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus: pancreatic beta cells

A

Anti-islet cells

220
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): kidneys, heart, lungs, & skin

A

Anti-Nuclear Antibodies

221
Q

Glomerulonephritis: severe impairment of kidney function

A

Antineutrophilic Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)

222
Q

o A person who is overly reactive to a substance that is tolerated by most other people is said to be allergic/hypersensitive
o Allergens: antigens that induce an all

A

ALLERGIES (HYPERSENSITIVITIES)

223
Q

antigens that induce an allergic reaction

A

Allergens

224
Q

2 TYPE OF ALLEGIES

A

Immediate (acute) hypersensitivity (Type 1)
Delayed hypersensitivity (Type 4)

225
Q

▪ Triggered by release of histamine from IgE binding to mast cells
▪ Reactions begin within seconds of contact with allergen

A

Immediate (acute) hypersensitivity (Type 1)

226
Q

dangerous, systemic response; allergen directly enters the blood & circulates rapidly through the body

A

Anaphylactic shock

227
Q

▪ Triggered by the release of cytokines from activated helper T cells
▪ Symptoms usually appear 1–3 days after contact with antigen.

A

Delayed hypersensitivity (Type 4)

228
Q

skin contact with poison ivy, some heavy metals (lead, mercury, & others), & certain cosmetic & deodorant chemicals

A

Allergic contact dermatitis

229
Q

Rare inherited disorder in which both B cells and T cells are missing/inactive
▪ May be congenital/acquired.
▪ Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

A

IMMUNODEFICIENCIES

230
Q

▪ Marked deficit of both B & T cells.
▪ Afflicted children have essentially no protection against pathogens of
any type.
▪ AKA bubble boy disease, named for David Vetter, who was born with
the condition & lived behind plastic barriers to protect him from
microbes.

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

231
Q

▪ Caused by a retrovirus (HIV) specifically targets & destroys helper T cells.
▪ The retrovirus that produces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) infects and rapidly kills helper T cells. Reduction of this key lymphocyte group cripples the patient’s immune system rendering
them susceptible to opportunistic bacterial, fungal, protozoan, and
other infections that usually dealt with easily in immunocompetent
individuals.

A

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

232
Q

4 MAJOR TYPES OF GRAFTS

A

Autografts
Isografts
Allografts
Xenografts

233
Q

tissue transplanted from 1 site to another on the same person
(ideal)

A

Autografts

234
Q

tissue grafts from an identical person (identical twin) (ideal)

A

Isografts

235
Q

tissue taken from an unrelated person
▪ More successful with a closer tissue match
▪ Most used, taken from a recently deceased person

A

Allografts

236
Q

tissue taken from a different animal species (never successful)

A

Xenografts

237
Q

o Medical treatment aimed at suppressing/weakening the body’s
immune system, given to patient after surgery to prevent rejection.
o Includes: corticosteroids to suppress inflammation, antiproliferative drugs, radiation (X-ray) therapy, & immunosuppressor drugs
o Major problem: cannot protect the body against other foreign agents

A

IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE THERAPY

HISTOLOGY (11 decks)

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