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HISTOLOGY > PRELIM: EPITHELIAL TISSUE > Flashcards

PRELIM: EPITHELIAL TISSUE Flashcards

1
Q

● Avascular (few or no blood vessels) tissue, lacking a direct blood supply
● Nutrients are delivered by diffusion from blood vessels in the neighboring connective tissue

A

Epithelial tissue

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2
Q

Greek work

epi =
thele =

A

upon, nipple

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3
Q

distinctive shape, varying from spherical to elongated or elliptic

A

Epithelial cell nuclei

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4
Q

Facing the surface

A

apical side

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5
Q

Ability to transport macromolecules from one side of the cell to another

A

Transcytosis

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6
Q

Type of endocytosis; pino = to drink; cell takes in fluids along with the dissolved small molecules

A

Transcytosis

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7
Q

Type of endocytosis; pino = to drink; cell takes in fluids along with the dissolved small molecules

A

Pinocytosis

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8
Q

Facing the basal membrane

A

Basal side

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9
Q

Moving larger molecules out of the cell

A

Exocytosis

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10
Q

What are the basic functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Protection of the body from abrasion and injury
    - e.g. skin and esophagus
  2. Absorption of material from lumen
    - e.g. tubules in kidney, small and large intestine
  3. Transportation of material along surface
    - e.g. cilia-mediated transport in the trachea
  4. Secretion of mucus, hormones, and proteins
    - e.g. glands
  5. Gas exchange
    - e.g. alveoli in the lung
  6. Lubrication between two surfaces
    - e.g. mesothelium of pleuray cavity
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11
Q

Intertwining elongated processes

A

Nervous tissue

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12
Q

Aggregated polyhedral cells

A

Epithelial tissue

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13
Q

Elongated contractile cells

A

Muscle tissue

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14
Q

Several types of fixed and
wandering cells

A

Connective tissue

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15
Q

Classification of Epithelial Tissues
Based on the number of layers of cells:

A

Simple and stratified

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16
Q

Based on the shapes of cells in the superficial layer:

A

● Squamous epithelium: Thin and flat; flat nuclei
● Cuboidal epithelium: Pyramidal in shape (box); spherical nuclei
● Columnar epithelium: Rectangular in shapel; elliptic or oval nuclei
● Transitional epithelium (urothelium)

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17
Q

Thin and flat; flat nuclei

A

Squamous epithelium

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18
Q

Pyramidal in shape (box); spherical nuclei

A

Cuboidal epithelium:

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19
Q

Rectangular in shapel; elliptic or oval nuclei

A

Columnar epithelium

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20
Q

urothelium

A

Transitional epithelium

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21
Q

● Also acts as filters which provides structural support for the epithelial cells
● Attach epithelia to underlying connective tissue
● Thin extracellular layer of specialized proteins, usually having two parts (viewed in TEM)

A

Basement membrane

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22
Q

What are the 6 functional epithelium?

A
  1. Mesothelium
  2. Endothelium
  3. Myoepithelium
  4. Endometrium
  5. Germinal Epithelium
  6. Glandular Epithelium
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23
Q

Serous lining of cavities such as pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum for lubrication

A

Mesothelium

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24
Q

Endothelium

A

Made up of flat cells that line the blood vessels

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25
Q

Basket cells, to remodel the scars in the skin

A

Myoepithelium

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26
Q

Lining of the uterus

A

Endometrium

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27
Q

Layer of the ovaries and seminiferous tubules

A

Germinal Epithelium

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28
Q

For secretions

A

Glandular Epithelium

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29
Q

Specializations of the Apical Surface (Apical Domain)

A

Cilia
Microvilli
Stereocilia

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30
Q
  • Elongated, motile structures that have a greater diameter and length than microvilli
  • Arise from basal bodies
  • Has a well-organized core of microtubules in which restricted, dynein-based sliding of
    microtubules cause ciliary movement that propels material along an epithelial surface
  • Kinesin: positive side
  • Abundant in simple cuboidal cells where they exhibit rapid beating patterns that move a current
    of fluid and suspended matters in one direction along the epithelia
A

Cilia

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31
Q

9 pairs of triplet microtubules with center pair of microtubules

A

Axoneme

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32
Q
  • Smaller than cilia
  • Composed of actin microfilaments that generally function to increase epithelial cells’ apical surface area for absorption
  • Brush or striated border that is projecting to the lumen
  • Anchored to a network structure–terminal web–which contains actin filaments to stabilize themicrovillus
A

Microvilli

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33
Q

About 1 micrometer long an 0.1 micrometer wide

A

Microvillus

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34
Q
  • Long microvilli with specialized mechanosensory function (light, touch, hearing, proprioception,
    and pain)
  • Can sense movement, action, and location
  • Increases the cells’ surface area and facilitates absorption
  • Lining of male reproductive system and cells in the inner ear
  • Show branching distally
  • Consist of actin microfilaments
  • FUNCTION: Help with absorption
A

stereocillia

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35
Q

Specialization of the Lateral Surface (Lateral Domain)

A

Zonula Occludens
Zonula adherens
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

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36
Q
  • Completely surround the apical cells’ borders to seal the underlying intercellular cleft from the
    outside environment
  • Linear arrangements of linked proteins surround the apical ends of the cells and prevent paracellular passage of substances
A

Zonula occludens (tight junctions)

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37
Q

Interacting transmembrane protein

A

Claudin and Occludin

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38
Q
  • Found just beneath the tight junction, also forming bandlike junctions that surround the entire cell and serve to attract adjacent cells
A

Zonula adherens (adhering junctions)

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39
Q

Protein associated in adherens

A

Cadherin family

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40
Q
  • Located beneath the adhering junctions, also assist in cell-to-cell attachment
  • Resembles a single “spot-weld” and does not form a belt around the cell
A

Desmosomes

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41
Q
  • Communicating junctions
  • Provide a low-resistance channel to permit passage of ions and small molecules between
    adjacent
A

Gap junctions

42
Q

Composed of 6 connexins; forms a channel, allowing the passage of small molecules from one cell to the other

A

Connexons

43
Q

Specialization of the Basal Surface (Basal Domain)

A

Basal lamina
Reticular Lamina

44
Q

Sheet of ECM on all epithelial cells in contact with subjacent connective tissue as their basal surfaces

A

Basal Lamina

45
Q

Large glycoprotein molecules that self-assemble to form a lace-like sheet immediately below the cells’ basal poles where they are held in place by the transmembrane integrins

A

Laminin

46
Q

Monomers of type IV collagen contain three polypeptide chains and
self-assemble further to form a felt-like sheet associated with the laminin layer

A

Type IV collagen

47
Q

These glycosylated proteins and others serve to link together the laminin and type IV collagen sheets

A

Entactin (nidogen–a glycoprotein) and Perlecan (proteoglycan with heparin sulfate side chains)

48
Q
  • Layer below basal lamina
  • Reticular fibers made of type III collagen in the underlying connective tissues by anchoring fibrils of type VII collagen
A

Reticular lamina

49
Q

● Composed of one layer of uniform flat cells which rest on the
basement membrane
● SIMPLEST OF THE EPITHELIA
● Apical surfaces are smooth and the width of cells is greater than height

A

Simple Squamous Epithelial Cells

50
Q

● Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites
where protection is not important
● Secretes lubricating substances in serosae
● Facilitates the movement of the viscera (mesothelium)
● Active transport by pinocytosis (mesothelium and endothelium)
● Secretion of biologically active molecules (mesothelium)

A

Simple Squamous EPITHELIAL TISSUE functions

51
Q

● Lining the posterior surface of the cornea
● Lining blood vessels and lymphatic vessels (endothelium)
● Lining the surface of the body cavities (pericardial–within the heart, pleural–within chest cavity/lungs,
peritoneal–within the visceral or abdominal cavities: mesothelium)
● Lining the alveoli of the lungs

A

Locations of Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue

52
Q

Flattened and elongated, oriented parallel to the direction of blood flow, and rest on a basement membrane

A

Endothelial Cells

53
Q
  • Junctions that link cells and basement membrane
    ➢ Composed of transmembrane integrins which attach cells to proteins of the
A

Hemidesmosomes

54
Q

Wavy structure

A

Internal elastic lamina

55
Q

Comprised of the endothelium, subendothelial connective tissue, and internal elastic lamina

A

Tunica intima

56
Q
  • Neoplasm that arises from surfaces of the pleural and peritoneal cavities
  • Only occasionally found in the pericardial mesothelium
  • Commonly seen in individuals who either were exposed to asbestos or who smoke
A

Mesothelioma (cancer of the mesothelium)

57
Q
  • Formation of deposits of yellowish plaques that contain cholesterol, lipid material, and lipophages (macrophage with engulfed lipids)
  • When hardened, may occlude blood flow to distant tissues, and blood clots may form on exposed collagen in subendothelial connective tissue
  • Clot formation or dislodged pieces of plaque may result in vascular occlusion and stroke
A

Atherosclerosis

58
Q

Clinical Significance

Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue

A

Endothelial cells
Mesothelioma
Atherosclerosis

59
Q

● Composed of one layer of uniform cuboidal cells, which rest on the
basement membrane
● Cell’s height, width, and depth are roughly equal
● Nuclei: Centrally placed and spherical in shape

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

60
Q

Characterized by the overproduction of thyroid hormone
- Seen most often in women 20-40 years old
- ↑T3 and T4, ↓TSH: the immune system produces an anti-TSH that counters it
- Undergoes radioactive iodine therapy along with Grave’s disease

A

Hyperthyroidism

61
Q

SYMPTOMS:
- Nervousness, irritability, tachycardia, increased perspiration, difficulty sleeping, muscle
weakness, warm moist skin, trembling hands, and hair loss

A

Hyperthyroidism

62
Q
  • Most common form of hyperthyroidism
  • Autoimmune disease (antibodies to the TSH receptor)
  • SIGNS: Exophthalmos
  • DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Antibody Test
A

Grave’s Disease

63
Q
  • Most common cause of hypothyroidism
  • Associated with enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter)
  • Mostly manifests goiter
  • Chacterized by high TSH and positive TPO (thyroperoxidase) antibody
A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

64
Q

● Composed of one layer of columnar cells resting on the basement
membrane
● Cell’s height is greater than width

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

65
Q

● Absorption
● Secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances
● Ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

66
Q

LOCATION:
● Found in the digestive tract
● Oviducts in the female reproductive system
● Ductuli efferentes testis of the male reproductive system

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

67
Q
  • Disorder of the small intestine
  • If left untreated, can lead to malabsorption, anemia, bone disease, and rarely, some forms of
    cancer
    HISTOLOGIC FEATURES:
  • Blunting of villi
  • Presence of lymphocytes among epithelial cells (intraepithelial lymphocytes)
  • Increased lymphocytes within the lamina propia (connective tissue)
A

Celiac (coeliac) Disease

68
Q

FUNCTION:
● Secretion, particularly of mucus
● Population of mucus by ciliary action
LOCATION:
● Nonciliated type in male’s sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands
● Ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

69
Q

Clinical Significance

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Celiac (coeliac) disease

70
Q

● Composed of one layer of nonuniform cells that varyin shape and height
● Often referred to as RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM
● Cells appear similar to stratified cells, but all cells are in contacts with the basement membrane

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

71
Q
  • Disease marked by acute or chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes
  • Inflammation may be caused by infection (virus, bacteria) or by exposure to irritants
A

Bronchitis

72
Q

Surface epithelium may undergo hyperplasia (enlargement of
tissue/organ) and loss of cilia; the pseudostratified epithelium is often replaced by squamous epithelium

A

chronic bronchitis

73
Q

Clinical Significance

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Bronchitis

74
Q

● Contains several layers of cells in the superficial layer being flattened
● Thick membrane composed of several layers
● Basal cells: Cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; active in
mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers
● Surface cells: Flattened
FUNCTION:
● Protects the body against injury, abrasion, dehydration, and infection

A

Stratified Squamous epithelium

75
Q

2 Types of Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Keratinized and non keratinized

76
Q

LOCATION: Skin
- Flattened, nonnucleated dead cells–filled with tonofilaments

A

keratinized

77
Q

LOCATION: Linings of the oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and true
vocal cords
- Flattened, nucleated dead cells

A

Non keratinized

78
Q
  • Common chronic inflammatory skin disease typically characterized by pinl-salmon colored
    plaques with silver scales and sharp margins
  • T-lymphocyte-mediated immunologic reactions are believed to cause the clinical feature
    SYMPTOMS:
  • Itching, joint pain, nail pitting, and nail discoloration
    PATHOLOGIC EXAMINATION:
  • Thickened epidermis
  • Extensive overlying parakeratotic scales
  • Microabscesses form by neutrophils in the stratum corneum layer
  • Micropustules within the stratum granulosum and spinosum layers
A

Psoriasis

79
Q
  • Complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease marked by metaplasia of the simple squamous
    epithelium of the distal esophagus into a simple columnar epithelium as a response to
    prolonged reflux-induced injury
  • Patients have high risk of developing adenocarcinoma
A

Barrette Syndrome

80
Q

Clinicak Significance

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Psoriasi
Barrett Syndrome

81
Q

● Composed of two or three layers of cells
● Top layer: Columnar in shape
● Basal layer: Usually cuboidal in shape
● Not a common type of epithelium
LOCATION:
● Conjunctiva (thin, clear membrane protecting the eye)
● Some large ducts in the exocrine glands

A

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

82
Q

Clinical condition that can result from blockage of a duct/s, so that saliva is not able to exit in the mouth
- Causes the saliva to back up inside the duct, resulting in gland swelling

A

Salivary Gland Swelling

83
Q

Most common blockage which forms from salts contained in the saliva
➢ Blocked duct and gland filled stagnant saliva may become infected with bacteria

A

Salivary Stone (calculus/calculi)

84
Q

Most common blockage which forms from salts contained in the saliva
➢ Blocked duct and gland filled stagnant saliva may become infected with bacteria

A

Salivary Stone (calculus/calculi)

85
Q

● Stratified epithelium often referred to as urothelium
● May contain 4-6 layers in the relaxed state
● Histological appearances can be changed when stretched
● Surface cells: Often described as “dome-shaped”–dome cells (may contain 2
nuclei) or umbrella cells (contain extra cell membrane)
LOCATION:
● Lines the excretory channels leading from the kidney (renal calyces, ureters,
bladder, and proximal segment or the urethra

A

Transional epithelium

86
Q

Spread of malignant neoplasm from its site of origin to a remote site, usually through blood and
lymphatic vessels

A

Metastasis

87
Q
  • General term for describing a disorder of lipoprotein metabolism causing amounts of lipids and
    lipoproteins in the blood
  • Certain dyslipidemias constitute a major risk factor in developing atherosclerosis such as
    hypercholesterolemia
A

Dyslipidemia

88
Q
  • Abnormal bone mineralization producing weak, soft bones
  • May be caused by vitamin D deficiency or kidney disorders, including renal Fanconi syndrome
A

Osteomalacia

89
Q

Reversible process by which one mature cell type changes into another mature cell type, as in
squamous metaplasia of respiratory or glandular

A

Metaplasia

90
Q

Collection of neutrophils and neutrophil debris within the parakeratotic scale in the skin disease psoriasis

A

microabscess

91
Q

Collection of neutrophils within the epidermis, abutting the parakeratotic scale in the skin disease psoriasis

A

Micropostule

92
Q

Persistence of the nuclei of keratinocytes into the stratum corneum of the skin or mucous
membranes
- Parakeratotic scales containing neutrophils are seen in the skin disease psoriasis

A

Parakeratosis

93
Q

● Composed of epithelial tissue

A

Glands

94
Q

According to how the secretory product leaves the gland:

A

Endocrine glands
Exocrine glands

95
Q

Release their products into interstitial fluid or directly into the bloodstream

A

endocrine glands

96
Q

Secrete their products either through ducts into the lumen of an organ or directly onto the blood surfaces

A

Exocrine glands

97
Q

Produce mucus or goblet cells

A

Mucous glands

98
Q

Produce largely enzymes and stain darkly with H&E due to the cells’ content of RER and secretory granules

A

Serous glands

99
Q

According by product:

A

Serous glands
Mucous glands
Mixed glands (seromucous)
Sebaceous glands

100
Q

According to mechanisms or secretion:

A

Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine

101
Q

According to morphology:

A

Unicellular
Multicellular

HISTOLOGY (11 decks)

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