MIDTERM: BLOOD AND HEMOPOIESIS Flashcards
a specialized connective tissue
blood
Blood is consists of:
Cell (formed elements)
Fluid-extracellular material (plasma)
About_____in an average adult moves unidirectionally within the closed circulatory system
5L of blood
Formed elements:
erythrocytes (red blood cells)
leukocytes (white blood cells [WBCs] platelets (Thrombocytes)
contains growth factors and other proteins released from platelets during clot formation, which confer biological properties very different from those of plasma.
pale yellow liquid called serum
volume percentage of RBCs
hematocrit
of the total blood volume in healthy adults, what percent in hematocrit
44%
Plasma is an aqueous solution, what pH
pH 7.4
Composition of the whole blood:
Plasma
Erythrocytes
Buffy coat
Composition of the whole blood:
Plasma, what percent?
55% of total blood
Composition of the whole blood:
Erythrocytes, what percent?
45% of total blood
Composition of the whole blood:
Buffy coat, what percent?
<1% of total blood
Plasma is consists of:
water, proteins, and
other solutes
Buffy coat is consists of:
platelets & WBC
Proteins in plasma:
Albumin
Globulins (α-“alpha” “beta”globulins)
Immunoglobulins
Fibrinogen
Complement proteins
most abundant plasma protein; made by liver
Albumin
include transferrin “transport iron” and other transport factors; fibronectin; prothrombin and other coagulation; made by liver
Globulins (α-“alpha” “beta”globulins)
secreted by plasma cells in many locations
Immunoglobulins (antibodies or y- globulins)
Another name B-cell/B-lymphocyte?
plasma cells
largest plasma protein (340 kD), made in the liver, which, during clotting, polymerizes as insoluble. cross-linked fibers of fibrin that block blood loss from small vessels
Fibrinogen
defensive system important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms.
Complement proteins
can be studied histologically in smears prepared by spreading a drop of blood in a thin layer on a microscope slide
blood cells
are routinely stained with mixtures of acidic (eosin) and basic (methylene blue) dyes.
blood smears
may also contain dyes called azures that are more useful in staining cytoplasmic granules containing charged proteins and proteoglycans
mixtures
produce metachromasia in stained leukocytes like that seen with mast cells in connective tissue
Azurophilic
granules
special stains, such as ______ are named after hematologists who introduced their own modifications into the original mixtures
Giemsa and Wright stain,
BLOOD CELLS:
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Platelets
annucleated→ NO NUCLEUS
Erythrocytes
terminally differentiated structures lacking nuclei and completely filled with the Or-carrying protein hemoglobin
Erythrocytes
NORMAL CONCENTRATION of erythrocytes in blood is approximately:
3.9-5.5 million per microliter (µL, or mms) in WOMEN
4.1-6.0 million/µL in MEN
provides a large surface-to-volume ratio and facilities gas exchange
flexible biconcave discs
color of rbc and oxygen carrying protein
Hemoglobin
low concentration of rbc
anemia
low hemoglobin and iron
Iron deficiency anemia
high hemoglobin (iron overload)
Sideroblastic anemia
Cell membrane of rbc
plasmalemma
Erythrocyte plasmalemma consist of:
50% protein
40% lipids
10% carbohydrate
Human erythrocytes normally survive in the circulation for about
120 days
Concentration of RBCS below normal range, tissues unable to receive adequate O2
Symptoms: lethargy, shortness of breath, fatigue, skin pallor, heart palpitations
Anemia
Decrease in RBC number:
sudden hemorrhage
hemorrhagic anemia
Decrease in RBC number:
Lysis of RBC as a results of bacterial infections
hemolytic anemia
Decrease in RBC number:
Lack of vitamin B12
Pernicious anemia
Decrease in RBC number:
Depression/destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation or certain medication
Aplastic anemia
Inadequate hemoglohin content in RBC:
Lack of iron in diet or slow. RBC are smaller because they lack of hemoglobin
Iron deficiency anemia
Abnormal hemoglobin in RBCS:
Genetic defect, ehich becomes sharp and sickle shaped/crescent moon shaped (it has plasmodium falciparum)
sickle cell anemia
a condition where the bone marrow goes into “overdrive” and makes too many red blood cells, along with too many white blood cells and platelets
polycythemia vera
type of anemia cause by homozygous mutation causing an amono acid substitution in hemoglobin-> mature RBCS
sickle cell anemia
leave the blood and migrate to the tissues where they become functional and perform various activities related to immunity
Leukocytes
2 major type of leukocytes
Granulocytes
Aggranulocytes
has granules (Basophil, Eosinophil, Neutrophil) BEN
granulocytes
no/lacks granules
(Lymphocytes & monocyte) ML
aggranulocytes
Granulocytes consist of two major abundant cytoplasmic granules:
LYSOSOMES
SPECIFIC GRANULES
(often called azurophilic granules in blood cells)
lysosomes
that bind. neutral, basic, or acidic stains and have specific functions
SPECIFIC GRANULES
