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HISTOLOGY > FINALS: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

FINALS: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q
  • Second messenger system of the body
  • Uses chemical messages (hormones) that are released into the blood
A

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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2
Q

Hormones control several major processes:

A
  1. Reproduction
  2. Growth and development
  3. Mobilization of body defenses 4. Maintenance (homeostasis)
  4. Regulation of metabolism
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3
Q
  • Comes from a Greek word meaning “to arouse”
  • Produced by specialized cells (secrete hormones into extracellular fluids)
A

HORMONES

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4
Q

____ transfers hormones to target sites

A

Blood

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5
Q

Chemical classification of hormones:

A

 Amino acid-based hormones (proteins, peptides, amines)
 Steroids (cholesterol)
 Prostaglandins (highly active lipids)

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6
Q
  • Hormones affect only certain tissues/organs (target cells or organs)
  • Target cells must have specific protein receptors
  • Hormone binding influences the working of the cells
A

MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION

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7
Q

Effects caused by hormones:

A
  1. Changes in plasma membrane permeability/electrical state
  2. Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes
  3. Activation/inactivation of enzymes 4. Stimulation of mitosis
  4. Promotion of secretory activity
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8
Q
  • Diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells
  • Enter the nucleus
  • Bind to a specific protein within the nucleus
  • Bind to specific sites on the cell’s DNA
  • Activate genes that result in synthesis of new proteins
A

Direct Gene Activation: Steroid Hormone Mechanism

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9
Q
  • Hormone binds to a membrane receptor & it does not enter the cell
  • Sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme catalyzing a reaction that produces a second messenger molecule
  • Oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response
A

Second-Messenger System: Nonsteroid Hormone Mechanism

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10
Q

Hormone levels in the blood are maintained by ____.

A

negative feedback

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11
Q
  • A stimulus/low hormone levels in the blood triggers the release of more hormones
  • Hormone release stops once an appropriate level in the blood is reached
A

CONTROL OF HORMONE RELEASE

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12
Q

Endocrine glands are activated by other hormones

A

Hormonal stimulus

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13
Q

Changing blood vessels of certian ions stimulate hormone release

A

Humoral stimulus

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14
Q

Nerve impulses stimulate hormone release

A

Nerve stimulus

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15
Q
  • Approximately the size of a pea
  • Hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus
  • Protected by the sphenoid bone
A

PITUITARY GLAND

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16
Q

Has 2 functional lobes pituitary gland

A

Anterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary

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17
Q

glandular tissue

A

Anterior Pituitary

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18
Q

nervous tissue

A

Posterior Pituitary

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19
Q

“Master endocrine gland”
- Releases 6 hormones (2 affect non-endocrine targets & 4 stimulate other endocrine glands [tropic hormones])

A

Anterior Pituitary

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20
Q

 Proteins (or peptides)
 Act through second-messenger systems  Regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly negative feedback

A

Anterior Pituitary

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21
Q

Not an endocrine gland, acts only as a storage area for hormones made by hypothalamic neurons

A

Posterior Pituitary

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22
Q

Posterior Pituitary released what 2 hormones?

A
  1. Oxytocin
  2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin
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23
Q

Hormonal release of the anterior pituitary is controlled by releasing hormone & inhibiting hormones produced by hypothalamus

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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24
Q
  • Found at the base of the throat
  • Consists of 2 lobes & a connecting isthmus
A

THYROID GLAND

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25
Q

THYROID GLAND PRODUCES 2 HORMONS:

A
  1. Thyroid hormone (major metabolic hormone)
  2. Calcitonin
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26
Q
  • Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid
  • Chief cells secrete parathyroid hormone (chemical class: peptide)  Stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone
     Stimulate the kidneys & intestine to absorb more calcium
     Raise calcium levels in the blood
A

PARATHYROID GLANDS

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27
Q

Sit on top of the kidneys

A

ADRENAL GLANDS

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28
Q

ADRENAL GLANDS 2 GLANDS:

A

Cortex
Medulla

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29
Q

outer glandular region; produces 3 major groups of steroid hormones (corticosteroids)

A

cortex

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30
Q

inner neural tissue region;
produces catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine)

A

medulla

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31
Q

 Flattened organ that measures about 12.515 cm (5-6 in.) in length, located in the curve of the duodenum

A

PANCREATIC ISLETS

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32
Q

Pancreas is a mixed gland. T or F?

A

True

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33
Q

Pancreatic islets (islet of Langerhans)

A

Chemical class: protein

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34
Q

4 Cell Types in the Pancreatic Islets

A

ALPHA (A) CELLS
BETA (B) CELLS
DELTA (D) CELLS
F CELLS

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35
Q

17% of pancreatic islet cells & secrete glucagon

A

ALPHA (A) CELLS

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36
Q

70% of pancreatic islet cells & secrete insulin

A

BETA (B) CELLS

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37
Q

7% of pancreatic islet cells & secrete somatostatin

A

DELTA (D) CELLS

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38
Q

6% of pancreatic islet cells & secrete pancreatic polypeptide

A

F CELLS

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39
Q

A small, cone-shaped gland found hanging from the roof of the 3rd ventricle of the brain

A

PINEAL GLAND

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40
Q

Secretes melatonin

A

PINEAL GLAND

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41
Q

 Chemical class: amine  Contribute to the setting of the body’s biological clock
 Peak levels is at night & lowest levels is during daylight (noon)
 May have other as-yet-unsubstantiated functions

A

MELATONIN

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42
Q
  • Located posterior to the sternum, between the lungs
  • Largest in infants & children
A

THYMUS GLAND

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43
Q

Produces thymosin

A

THYMUS GLAND

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44
Q

 Chemical class: peptide
 Promotes maturation of some types of WBCS
 May retard aging process
 Important in developing the immune system

A

THYMOSIN

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45
Q

Produce sex cells and sex hormones that are identical to those produced by adrenal cortex cells

A

GONADS

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46
Q

2 GONADS

A
  1. Ovaries
  2. Testes
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47
Q

Stimulates corpus luteum in ovary to continue production of estrogens
& progesterone maintain pregnancy

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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48
Q

Maintain pregnancy; help prepare mammary glands to secrete milk

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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49
Q

Works cooperatively with estrogen & progesterone in preparing the breasts for lactation

A

Human placental lactogen (hPL)

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50
Q

Causes the mother’s pelvic ligaments & the pubic symphysis to relax & become more flexible, which eases birth passage

A

Relaxin

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51
Q
  • Excessive urine output due to hyposecretion of ADH
  • Person is continually thirsty & drink huge amounts of water
A

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

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52
Q

Hyposecretion of GH during childhood slows bone growth, & the epiphyseal plates close before normal height is reached

A

PITUITARY DWARFISM

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53
Q
  • Hyposecretion of GH during childhood, an abnormal increase in the length of long bones
  • Acromegaly: hyposecretion of GH occurs after long-bone growth has ended
A

GIGANTISM

54
Q

hyposecretion of GH occurs after long-bone growth has ended

A

Acromegaly

55
Q

Hyposecretion of FSH or LH in both males and females

A

STERILITY

56
Q

Enlargement of thyroid gland that results when the diet is deficient in iodine

A

GOITER

57
Q
  • Congenital hypothyroidism
  • Hyposecretion of thyroid hormones that is present at birth, causes severe mental retardation & stunted bone growth
A

CRETINISM

58
Q
  • Hypothyroidism occurring in adults
  • Occurs 5xmore often in females
  • Hallmark: edema
A

MYXEDEMA

59
Q
  • Most common form of hyperthyroidism
  • Autoimmune disorder in which the person produces antibodies that mimic the action of TSH
  • Enlarged thyroid & exophthalmos (protruding eyes)
A

GRAVE’S DISEASE

60
Q

Too little parathyroid hormone-leads to a deficiency of blood Ca2+, leading to twitches, spasms & tetany of skeletal muscle

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

61
Q
  • Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids & aldosterone
  • Majority of cases are autoimmune disorders, characterized by a peculiar bronze tone of skin
A

ADDISON’S DISEASE

62
Q
  • Overproduction of hormone aldosterone by adrenal glands
  • Excessive water & sodium are retained, leading to high blood pressure & edema.
A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

63
Q
  • Hyposecretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex
  • Causes include a tumor of the adrenal gland that secretes cortisol, or a tumor elsewhere that secretes ACTH, which in turn stimulates excessive secretion of cortisol.
A

CUSHING’S SYNDROME

64
Q
  • Hypersecretion of the sex hormones, regardless of sex
  • In females: beard develops & masculine pattern of body hair distribution occurs
A

MASCULINIZATION

65
Q
  • Inability to produce/use insulin
  • Blood glucose level is high & glucose “spills” into the urine(glucosuria)
  • Hallmarks: polyuria, polydipsia, & polyphagia
A

DIABETES MELLITUS

66
Q
  • Often results when a diabetic injects too much insulin
  • Main symptom: hypoglycemia
A

HYPERINSULINISM

67
Q

2 MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION

A

DIRECT GENE ACTIVATION: STEROID HORMONE MECHANISM
SECOND-MESSENGER SYSTEM: NONSTEROID HORMONE MECHANISM

68
Q

The endocrine part secretes hormones, whereas the exocrine part secretes digestive enzymes

A

Pancreas

69
Q

Organs in the body with the richest blood supply are the ____

A

endocrine glands

70
Q

some portion secretes hormone, but other parts produce oocytes (female sex cells) or sperm cells (male sex cells)

A

Ovaries & testes

71
Q

6 TYPES OF HORMONE ACTION

A

ENDOCRINE
PARACRINE
AUTOCRINE
JUXTACRINE
EXOCRINE
NEUROENDOCRINE

72
Q

is secreted in one location (ducts) and released into blood circulation.

A

ENDOCRINE

73
Q

is secreted in endocrine cells and released into interstitial space.

A

PARACRINE

74
Q

is secreted in endocrine cells and sometimes released into interstitial space; binds to specific receptor on cell of origin resulting to self-regulation of its function.

A

AUTOCRINE

75
Q

is secreted in endocrine cells and remains in relation to the plasma membrane; acts on immediately adjacent cells by direct cellto-cell contact.

A

JUXTACRINE

76
Q

is secreted in endocrine cells and released into the lumen of gut.

A

EXOCRINE

77
Q

is secreted in the neurons and released from nerve endings; interacts with receptors of cells at distant site.

A

NEUROENDOCRINE

78
Q

AKA adenohypophysis, 3 parts are derived embryonically from the hypophyseal pouch

A

Anterior pituitary (glandular tissue)

79
Q

3 PARTS OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY

A

Pars distalis
Pars tuberalis
Pars intermedia

80
Q

❖ Accounts for 75% of the adenohypophysis and has a thin fibrous capsule
❖ Main components are cords of well-stained endocrine cells interspersed with fenestrated capillaries and supporting reticular connective tissue

A

Pars distalis

81
Q

❖ A smaller funnel-shaped region surrounding the infundibulum of the neurohypophysis
❖ Most of the cells are gonadotrophs (synthesize & secrete luteinizing hormone [LH] & follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH])

A

Pars tuberalis

82
Q

❖ A narrow zone lying between the pars distalis and the pars nervosa
❖ Contains basophils (corticotrophs: releases adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH]), chromophobes, and small, colloid-filled cysts

A

Pars intermedia

83
Q

AKA neurohypophysis

A

Posterior pituitary (nervous tissue)

84
Q

Retains many histologic features of brain tissue and consists of a large part, the pars nervosa, and the smaller infundibulum stalk attached to the hypothalamus

A

Posterior pituitary (nervous tissue)

85
Q

Neuroendocrine organ because aside from neural functions, it also produces and releases hormones

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

86
Q

Accounts for 75% of the adenohypophysis and has a thin fibrous capsule

A

Pars distalis

87
Q

Main components are cords of well-stained endocrine cells interspersed with fenestrated capillaries and supporting reticular connective tissue

A

Pars distalis

88
Q

A smaller funnel-shaped region surrounding the infundibulum of the neurohypophysis

A

Pars tuberalis

89
Q

Most of the cells are gonadotrophs (synthesize & secrete luteinizing hormone [LH] & follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH])

A

Pars tuberalis

90
Q

A narrow zone lying between the pars distalis and the pars nervosa

A

Pars intermedia

91
Q

Contains basophils (corticotrophs: releases adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH]), chromophobes, and small, colloid-filled cysts

A

Pars intermedia

92
Q

stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland

A

TSH

93
Q

thyroid hormone with 4 iodine atoms

A

Thyroxine

94
Q

contains 3 iodine atoms

A

Triiodothyronine

95
Q

outer glandular region; produces 3 major groups of steroid hormones (corticosteroids)

A

cortex (adrenal gland)

96
Q

has 3 concentric zones in which the cords of epithelial steroid-producing cells are arranged somewhat differently, and which synthesize different classes of steroid hormones:

A

cortex (adrenal gland)

97
Q

3 concentric zones of adrenal cortex:

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

98
Q

Zona glomerulosa:

A

mineralocorticoids

99
Q

Zona reticularis:

A

androgen

100
Q

Zona reticularis:

A

androgens

101
Q

Secreted by the outer layer of the adrenal cortex, helps regulate blood volume & blood levels of K+ & Na+

A

Zona glomerulosa

102
Q

Zona glomerulosa Major hormone:

A

aldosterone

103
Q

Zona fasciculata Major hormone:

A

cortisol

104
Q

Zona reticularis Major hormone:

A

testosterone

105
Q

 Primarily binds to receptor molecules in the kidney, but also affects the intestine, sweat glands, & salivary glands
✓ Small amounts are secreted in both males & females.
✓ Adult males: secreted by the testes.
 Causes Na+ & water to be retained in the body & increases the rate at which K+ is eliminated

A

Aldosterone

106
Q

 Increases the breakdown of proteins & lipids & increases their conversion to forms of energy the body can use
 Reduces the inflammatory & immune responses.
 Response to stressful conditions: secreted in larger than normal amounts, aids the body by providing energy sources for tissues

A

cortisol

107
Q

✓ Secreted by the middle layer of the adrenal cortex, helps regulate blood nutrient levels.

A

Zona fasciculata

108
Q

✓ Secreted by the inner layer of the adrenal cortex, stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics
✓ Small amounts are secreted in both males & females.
✓ Adult males: secreted by the testes.
 Causes Na+ & water to be retained in the body & increases the rate at which K+ is eliminated
❖ Zona fasciculata:
glucocorticoids ✓ Secreted by the middle layer of the adrenal cortex, helps regulate blood nutrient levels.
✓ Major hormone: cortisol  Increases the breakdown of proteins & lipids & increases their conversion to forms of energy the body can use
 Reduces the inflammatory & immune responses.
 Response to stressful conditions: secreted in larger than normal amounts, aids the body by providing energy sources for tissues
❖ Zona reticularis: androgens ✓ Secreted by the inner layer of the adrenal cortex, stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.
✓ Adult females: influence the female sex drive.
✓ If secretion is abnormally high: exaggerated male characteristics develop in both males & females

A

Zona reticularis

109
Q

AKA adrenaline, principal hormone

A

epinephrine

110
Q

AKA noradrenaline, released in small amounts

A

norepinephrine

111
Q

Both hormones are released in response to stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system (fight-orflight hormones)

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

112
Q

Acts on several tissues to cause entry of glucose into cells and promotes decrease of blood glucose content

A

Insulin

113
Q

Acts on several tissues to make energy stored in glycogen and fat available through glycogenolysis and lipolysis; increases blood glucose content

A

Glucagon

114
Q

Inhibits release of other islet cell hormones through local paracrine action; inhibits release of GH and TSH in anterior pituitary and HCl secretion by gastric parietal cells

A

Somatostatin

115
Q

Stimulates activity of gastric chief cells; inhibits bile secretion, pancreatic enzyme and bicarbonate secretion, and intestinal motility

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

116
Q

hyposecretion of ADH, usually caused by a brain tumor, head trauma, or brain surgery that damages the posterior pituitary or the hypothalamus

A

Neurogenic DI

117
Q

the kidneys do not respond to ADH & the ADH receptors may be nonfunctional, or the kidneys may be damaged

A

Nephrogenic DI

118
Q

a skeletal disorder caused by an overproduction of parathyroid hormone from the overactive parathyroid glands

A

Osteitis fibrosa cystica

119
Q

swollen “moon” face, redistribution of fat to the abdomen and the
posterior neck (causing a “buffalo hump”), easy bruising, and poor wound healing.

A

“Cushingoid signs”

120
Q

insulin is absent

A

Type I Diabetes Mellitus

121
Q

insulin is deficient

A

Type II Diabetes Mellitus

122
Q

fatty acid metabolites or ketones or ketone bodies are organic acids that when they accumulate in the blood

A

Ketoacidosis

123
Q

▪ Autoimmune
hypothyroidism
▪ Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis ▪ Increase TSH ▪ Antibody present: Anti-TPO (thyroid peroxidase)
▪ Symptoms: a more common cause of goiter

A

Hashimoto’s disease

124
Q

Decrease T3 and T4; Increase TSH

A

Primary Hypothyroidism

125
Q

increase T3 and T4; Decrease

A

Primary Hyperthyroidism

126
Q

▪ Fluid retention = decreased urine volume
▪ ADH excess
▪ Marked by headache and disorientation due to brain edema, weight gain, and decreased solute concentration is the blood.
▪ SIADH management requires restricting fluids and carefully monitoring blood sodium levels

A

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
(SIADH)

127
Q

▪ Presence of excessive body & facial hair in a male pattern, especially in women.
▪ May be due to excess androgen production due to tumors/drugs.

A

Hirsutism

128
Q

pituitary gland, adrenal medulla, pineal gland

A

Ectoderm

129
Q

adrenal cortex

A

Mesoderm

130
Q

thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas, thymus

A

Endoderm

131
Q

Thymus size begins to decrease, & thymic tissue is replaced by adipose & areolar connective tissue

A

AFTER PUBERTY

132
Q

is brought about by lack of efficiency of the ovaries

A

Menopause

HISTOLOGY (11 decks)

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