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HISTOLOGY > MIDTERM: BONE AND CARTILAGE > Flashcards

MIDTERM: BONE AND CARTILAGE Flashcards

1
Q

A tough, durable form of supporting connective
tissue, characterized by an extracellular matrix (ECM) with high concentrations of GAGs and proteoglycans, interacting with collagen and elastic fibers.

A

cartilage

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2
Q

has a firm consistency that allows the tissue to
bear mechanical stresses without permanent
distortion

A

cartilage

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3
Q

provides cushioning and sliding regions
within skeletal joints and facilitates bone
movements

A

cartilage

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4
Q

lack vascular supplies, Also lacks nerves

A

cartilage

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5
Q

Embedded in the ECM which unlike connective
tissue proper contains no other cell types.
- Synthesize and maintain all ECM
components and are located in matrix cavities
called ________

A

chondrocytes, lacunae

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6
Q

Cartilage consists of these cells

A

chondrocytes

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7
Q

Chondrocytes receive nutrients by ________ in surrounding connective
tissue (the perichondrium).

A

diffusion from capillaries

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8
Q

a sheath of dense connective tissue that surrounds cartilage

A

perichondrium

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9
Q

harbors the blood supply serving the
cartilage and a small neural component

A

perichondrium

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10
Q

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CARTILAGE:

A

 TYPE II COLLAGEN FIBRILS
 HYALURONAN
 PROTEOGLYCANS

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11
Q

covers the ends of bones in movable joints and which erodes in the course of arthritic degeneration
- Lacks perichondrium and is sustained by the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the synovial fluid

A

articular cartilage

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12
Q

3 TYPES OF CARTILAGE

A
  1. Hyaline Cartilage
  2. Elastic Cartilage
  3. Fibrocartilage
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13
Q

Most common of the three types
- Homogeneous and semitransparent in the fresh state

A

hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

__________,hyaline cartilage is located in the:
o articular surfaces of movable joints
o in the walls of larger respiratory passages (nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi)
o in the ventral ends of ribs, where they articulate with the sternum
o and in the epiphyseal plates of long boneswhere it makes possible longitudinal bone growth.

A

in adults

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15
Q

__________,hyaline cartilage forms the temporary skeleton that is gradually replaced by bone.

A

in the Embryo

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16
Q
  • a chronic condition that commonly occurs during aging
  • involves the gradual loss or changed physical properties of the hyaline cartilage that lines the articular ends of bones in joints.
A

Osteoarthritis

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17
Q

The dry weight of hyaline cartilageis _________ collagen embedded in a firm, hydrated gel of proteoglycans and structural glycoproteins.

A

matrix, is nearly 40%

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18
Q

most collagen in hyaline cartilage

A

type 2

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19
Q

most abundant proteoglycan of hyaline cartilage
- bind further to the surface of type II collagen fibrils

A

aggrecan

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20
Q

Structural multiadhesiveglycoprotein
- Binds specifically to GAGs, collagen and integrins mediating the adherence of chrondrocytes to the ECM

A

CHRONDRONECTIN

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21
Q

makes matrix generally basophilic and thin collagen fibrils barely discernable

A

PROTEOGLYCANS:

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22
Q

elliptic shape, with long axes parallel to the surface

A

CHONDROBLAST

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23
Q
  • Common in aging
  • degenerative changes in the chondrocytes
  • resembles endochondral ossification by which bone is formed.
A

Calcification

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24
Q

a pituitary-derive protein which is a major regulator of hyaline cartilage growth

A

Somatotropin or growth hormone

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25
Q

acts indirectly, promoting the endocrine release from the liver of insulin-like growth factors, or somatomedins, which directly stimulate the cells of hyaline cartilage

A

Somatotropin or growth hormone

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26
Q

benign or slow growing tumor which cells produce normal matrix components.

A

Chondroma

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27
Q

malignant tumor which cells produce normal matrix components.
- seldom metastasize and are generally removed surgically.

A

Chondrosarcoma

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28
Q

all hyaline cartilage is covered by a layer of dense connective tissue
- essential for the growth and maintenance of cartilage

A

PERICHONDRIUM

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29
Q

consists largely of collagen type I
fibers and fibroblasts

A

outer region of perichondrium

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30
Q

adjoining the cartilage matrix also
contains mesenchymal stem cells

A

inner layer of perichondrium

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31
Q

similar to hyaline cartilage

A

elastic cartilage

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32
Q

contains an abundant network of elastic fibers in addition to a meshwork of collagen type II fibrils,

A

elastic cartilage

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33
Q

give fresh elastic cartilage a

A

yellowish color

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34
Q

More flexible than hyaline cartilage

A

elastic cartilage

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35
Q

elastic cartilage Found in the:

A

o auricle of the ear
o the walls of the external auditory canals
o auditory (Eustachian) tubes
o epiglottis
o upper respiratory tract

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36
Q

Mingling of hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue
- Found in intervertebral discs,
attachment of certain ligaments, and in pubic symphysis

A

fibrocartilage

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37
Q

the only cartilage that dont have perichondrium

A

fibrocartilage

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38
Q

All place where it serves as VERY TOUGH, YET CUSHIONING SUPPORT tissue for bone

A

fibrocartilage

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39
Q

occur single and often in aligned isogenous aggregates producing type II collagen and other ECM components

A

fibrocartilage chondrocytes

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40
Q

scarcity of proteoglycans

A

fibrocartilage is acidophilic

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41
Q

fibrocartilage act as lubricated
cushions and shock absorbers preventing damage to adjacent vertebrae from abrasive forces of impacts

A

INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS OF SPINAL
COLUMN

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42
Q

A process where all cartilage forms from embryonic mesenchyme

A

CHONDROGENESIS

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43
Q

Poor capacity of cartilage for repair or regeneration is due in part to its

A

AVASCULARITY and LOW METABOLIC RATE

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44
Q

Is the main constituent of the adult skeleton

A

Bone (or osseous) tissue

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45
Q

provides solid support for the body, protects vital organs (such as cranial and thoracic cavities and medullary cavities) containing bone marrow where blood cells are formed

A

Bone (or osseous) tissue

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46
Q

Serves as a reservoir of calcium, phosphate and other ions that can be released or stored in a controlled fashion to maintain constant concentrations in body fluids

A

Bone (or osseous) tissue

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47
Q

is a specialized connective tissue composed of calcified extracellular material, bone matrix and three major cell types

A

Bone (or osseous) tissue

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48
Q

3 major cells types of bone

A

osteocytes
osteoblast
osteoclast

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49
Q

Found in cavities (lacunae) between bone matrix layers (lamellae) with cytoplasmic processes in small canaliculi that extend into the matrix

A

Osteocytes

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50
Q

Growing cells which synthesize and secrete the organic components of the matrix

A

Osteoblasts

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51
Q

Bone forming cell

A

Osteoblasts

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52
Q

Immature cells before turning into osteocytes

Has a prominent nucleus

A

Osteoblasts

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53
Q

Which are giant, multinucleated cells mvolved in removing calcified bone matrix and remodeling bone tissue

A

Osteoclasts

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54
Q

Bone consuming cell

A

Osteoclasts

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55
Q

Macrophage of bone

A

Osteoclasts

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56
Q

Contains the capillaries, fibroblasts and osteoprogenitor stem cells

A

Mesenchymal regions

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57
Q

internal surface surrounding the marrow cavity

A

Endosteum

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58
Q

external surface of the bone

A

Periosteum

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59
Q

Originated from mesenchymal stem cells

Produce the organic components of bone matrix, including type I collagen fibers, proteoglycans and matricellular glycoproteins such as osteonectin

Are polarized cells with ultrastructural features denoting active protein synthesis and secretion

A

Osteoblasts

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60
Q

a layer of unique collagen-rich material between osteoblast layer and the pre-existing bone surface

A

OSTEOID

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61
Q

a vitamin K-dependnet polypeptide, prominent among the noncollagen proteins secreted by osteoblasts

A

OSTEOCALCIN

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62
Q

release membrane-enclosed by osteoblast
rich in alkaline phosphatase and other
enzymes which raisies the local
concentration of PO4 3− ions
- serve as foci for the formation of
hydroxyapatite crystals, the first visible step in calcification

A

MATRIX VESICLES

63
Q

Most abundant cell in bone

A

OSTEOCYTES

64
Q

Enclosed singly within the lacunae spaced throughout the mineralized matrix

A

OSTEOCYTES

65
Q

where diffusion of metabolites between osteocytes and blood vessels occurs

A

CANALICULI

66
Q

detects mechanical load on the bone as well as stress-or fatigue-induced micro-damage and trigger remedial activity in osteoblasts and osteoclasts

A

MECHANOSENSORS

67
Q

paracrine and endocrine that helps regulate bone remodeling

A

proteins

68
Q

It maintains the calcified matrix and their death is followed by rapid matrix resorption

A

OSTEOCYTES

69
Q

Are very large, motile cells with multiple nuclei that are essential for matrix resorption during bone growth and remodeling

A

Osteoclasts

70
Q

For the development it needs 2 polypeptides (produced by osteoblasts):

A

Macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)

Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor B ligand (RANKL)

71
Q

Areas of bone that undergo resorption. osteoclasts on the bone surface lie within enzymatically etched depression or cavities in the matrix

A

Resorption lacunae (or Howship lacunae)

72
Q

the membrane domain that contacts the bone forms a sealing zone that binds the cell tightly to the bone matrix and surrounds an area with many surface projections, called ruffled border

A

Active osteoclast

73
Q

Allow the formation of a specialized microenvironment between the osteoclast and the matrix which bone resorption occurs

A

Circumferential sealing zone

74
Q

of the dry weight of bone matrix is inorganic materials

A

About 50%

75
Q

is the most abundant but bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium and sodium are also found

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite

76
Q

90% but also include
small proteoglycans and multi-adhesive
glycoproteins such as OSTEONECTIN
- Calcium binding proteins, osteocalcin, and
the phosphatases release from matrix vesicles promotes calcification of the matrix
- Because of its high collagen content, decalcified bone matrix is acidophilic

A

type 1 collagen

77
Q

notably osteocalcin and the phosphatases released from cells in matrix vesicles promote calcification of the matrix.

A

Calcium-binding proteins

78
Q

External and internal surfaces of all bones are covered by connective tissue of periosteum and endosteum

A

PERIOSTEUM & ENDOSTEUM

79
Q

Is organized much like the perichondrium of cartilage with an outer fibrous layer of dense connective tissue, containing mostly bundled type I collagen but also fibroblasts and blood vessels

A

PERIOSTEUM

80
Q

penetrate the bone matric and bind
periosteum to the bone
- Periosteal blood vessels branch and penetrate the bone, carrying metabolities to and from bone cells

A

Perforating (or Sharpey) fibers

81
Q

inner layer and more cellular, includes osteoblasts, bone lining cells, and mesenchymal stem cells
- play a prominent role in bone growth and repair
- proliferate extensively and produce new osteoblasts

A

OSTEOPROGENITOR CELLS

82
Q

Internally (inner layer)

Very thin endosteum covers small trabeculae of bony matrix that project into marrow cavities

Also contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts and bone lining cells but within sparse delicate matrix of fibers

A

ENDOSTEUM

83
Q

Types of bone in Macroscopic/Gross Observation Level

A
  1. Compact/cortical bone
  2. Cancellous/ Trabecular bone
84
Q

Typex of bone in Microscopic level

A

Lamellar bone
Woven bone

85
Q

Constituting 20% of the total bone mass/ lamellar bone

A

Cancellous (trabecular) bone

86
Q

Deeper areas with numerous interconnecting cavities

A

Cancellous (trabecular) bone

87
Q

Dense areas near the surface

Found mostly in the diaphysis of long bones

Also includes parallel lamellae organized as multiple external

A

Compact (cortical) bone

88
Q

Represents 80% of the total bone mass/ lamellar bone

A

Compact (cortical) bone

89
Q

At the microscopic level both compact & cancellous bone typically show 2 types of organization:

A

(a) Mature lamellar bone
- With matrix existing as a discrete sheets

(b) Woven bone
- Newly formed with randomly arranged components

90
Q

With matrix existing as a discrete sheets

A

Mature lamellar bone

91
Q

Newly formed with randomly arranged components

A

Woven bone

92
Q

outer and innermost areas of compact bone enclose and strengthen the middle region containing vascularized osteons

A

Lamellae

93
Q

Most bone in adults, compact or cancellous, is organized as

A

Lamellar bone

94
Q
  • Bulbous ends
  • Composed of cancellous bone covered by a thin layer of compact cortical bone
A

EPIPHYSES

95
Q

Almost totally dense compact bone with a thin region of cancellous bone on the inner surface around the central marrow cavity

A

DIAPHYSES

96
Q

Flat bones that form the calvaria
(skullcap) have two layers of compact bone

A

PLATES

97
Q

a thicker layer of cancellous bone that separates the plates

A

DIPLOE

98
Q

Refers to the complex of concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal that contains small blood vessels, nerves and endosteum

It is the one that usually form the compact bone

A

Osteon (haversian system)

99
Q

A transverse use by canals in
communicating with one another

A

PERFORATING CANALS (Volkmann
canals)

100
Q

Scattered among the intact osteons are numerous irregularly shaped groups of parallel lamellae

A

INTERSTITIAL LAMELLAE

101
Q

Beneath the periosteum

A

EXTERNAL CIRCUMFERENTIAL
LAMELLAE

102
Q

Around the marrow cavity

A

INNER CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAMELLAE

103
Q

Pathway of bone

A

Lamellae/lamellar

104
Q

Occurs continuously thoughout life
- In compact bone, remodeling resorbs parts of old osteons and produce new ones
- In healthy adults, 5%-10% of the bone turns over annually

A

BONE REMODELING

105
Q

Is nonlamellar and characterized by random disposition of type I collagen fibers and is the first bone tissue to appear in embryonic development and in fracture repair

Is usually temporary and is replaced in adults by lamellar bone, except in some places of the body

A

Woven Bone

106
Q

newly calcified

A

Woven bone

107
Q

Remodeled from woven bone

A

Lamellar bone

108
Q

80% of all lamellar bone

A

Compact bone

109
Q

20% of the lamellar bone

A

Cancellous bone

110
Q

Irregular and random arrangement of cells. and collagen, lightly calcified

A

Woven bone

111
Q

Parallel bundles of collagen in thin layers (lamellae) with regularly spaced cells between; heavily calcified

A

Lamellar bone

112
Q

Parallel lamellae or densely packed osteons with interstitial lamellae

A

Compact bone

113
Q

Interconnected thin spicules or trabeculae covered by endosteum

A

Cancellous bone

114
Q

Bone development occurs by one of two processes:

A

Intramembranous ossification

Endochondral ossification

115
Q

In which osteoblasts differentiate directly from mesenchyme and begin secreting osteoid

Bone generates through membranes

By which most flat bones begin to form, takes place within condensed sheets (“membranes”) of embryonic mesenchymal tissue

A

Intramembranous ossification

116
Q

Preexisting matrix of hyaline cartilage is eroded and invaded by osteoblasts which then begin osteoid production

A

Endochondral ossification

117
Q

Takes place within hyaline cartilage

Shaped as a small version or model of the bone

formed

Bones are well studied in developing long bones where it consists a sequence of events

A

Endochondral ossification

118
Q

Also called epiphyseal plate

At the age of 18, bone growth stops

➤ Is responsible for the growth in length of the bone and disappears upon completion of bone development at adulthood

A

Epiphyseal cartilage

119
Q

Is composed of typical hyaline cartilage

A

Zone of reserve (or resting) cartilage

120
Q

Cartilage cells divide repeatedly, enlarge and secrete more type II collagen and proteoglycans and become organized into columns parallel to the long axis of the bone

A

Proliferative zone

121
Q

Chondrocytes undergo mitosis and appear stacked within elongated lacunae

A

Zone of proliferation

122
Q

Mature chondrocytes in lacunae swell up. compress matrix and undergo apoptosis

closer to the large primary ossification center

A

Zone of Hypertrophy

123
Q

Spaces created in the matrix by these events

When they are invaded by osteoblasts, osteoclasts and vasculature from the primary center

A

zone of cartilage calcification

124
Q

Woven bone is laid down initially by osteoblasts and remodeled into lamellae bone

A

Zone of ossification

125
Q

Increases the circumference of a bone by osteoblasts activity at the periosteum and is accompanied by enlargement of the medullary marrow cavity

A

Appositional bone growth

126
Q

Raises low blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and osteocytes to resorb bone matrix and release Ca2+

PTH effect on osteoclast is indirect

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

127
Q

Produced within the thyroid gland, can reduce elevated blood calcium levels by opposing the effects of PTH in bone

A

Calcitonin

128
Q

Are regions where adjacent bones are capped and held together firmly by other connective tissues

A

JOINTS

129
Q

2 types of joints

A

Diarthroses (freely movable joints)

Synarthroses (immovable joints)

130
Q

Allow very limited or no movement and are subdivided into fibrous and cartilaginous joints, depending on the tissue joining the bones

A

Synarthroses joints

131
Q

Major subtypes of Synarthroses:

A

Synostases
Syndesmoses
Symphyses

132
Q

Involve bones linked to other bones and allow

essentially no movement

In older adults, it unites the skull bone

In children and young adults, it is held together by sutures or thin layers of dense connective tissue with osteogenic cells

A

Synostases

133
Q

Involve bones linked to other bones and allow

essentially no movement

In older adults, it unites the skull bone

In children and young adults, it is held together by sutures or thin layers of dense connective tissue with osteogenic cells

A

Synostases

134
Q

Join bones by dense connective tissue only Ex interosseous ligament of inferior tibiofibular joint & posterior region of sacroiliac joints

A

Syndesmoses

135
Q

Join bones by dense connective tissue only Ex interosseous ligament of inferior tibiofibular joint & posterior region of sacroiliac joints

A

Syndesmoses

136
Q

Have thick pad of fibrocartilage between thin articular cartilage covering the ends of the bones

Ex. intervertebral discs

A

Symphyses

137
Q

In a diarthroses ligament and a capsule of dense

connective tissue

Freely mobile joints

Classified as free bone movement

A

Diarthrosis Joints

138
Q

In a diarthroses ligament and a capsule of dense

connective tissue

Freely mobile joints

Classified as free bone movement

A

Diarthrosis Joints

139
Q

2 specialized cells of diarthrosis joints:

A

(a) Macrophage-like synovial cells (type A cells)
(b) Fibroblastic synovial cells (type B cells)

140
Q

Derived from blood monocytes and remove wear and tear debris from the synovial fluid

Represent approximately 25% of the cells lining the synovium which are important in regulating inflammatory events with diarthrotic joints

A

(a) Macrophage-like synovial cells (type A cells)

141
Q

Produce abundant hyaluronan and smaller amounts of proteoglycans

Materials is transported by water from the capillaries into the joint cavity to form the synovial fluid

A

(b) Fibroblastic synovial cells (type B cells)

142
Q

Cancer originating directly from bone cells. (primary bone tumor) is fairly uncommon (0.5% all cancer deaths)

Arise in osteoprogenitor cells

The skeleton is often the site of secondary, metastatic tumors however arising when cancer cells move into bones via small blood or lymphatic vessels from malignancies in other organs

• Most commonly breast, lung, prostate gland, kidney or thyroid gland

Multiple production of bone

A

Osteosarcoma

143
Q

Extensive network of osteocvte dendritic processes and other bone cells called “mechanostat”

Monitoring mechanical loads within bones and signaling cells to adjust ion levels and maintain the adjacent bone matrix

Resistance exercise can produce increased bone density and thickness in affected regions,

While lack of exercise (or weightlessness experienced by astronauts) leads to deeased bone density, due in part to the lack of mechanical stimulation of the bone cells

A

Mechanostat

144
Q

Common among postmenopausal women

because it lacks of estrogen

Estrogen is hormone responsible for strengthen bone in women

Also common to immobilized patients

A

Osteoporosis

145
Q

Characterized by dense, heavy bones (“marble bones”)

• Osteoclast lack ruffled borders and bone resorption is defective

o Defective osteoclasts in most patients with osteopetrosis have mutations in genes for the cell’s proton-ATPase pumps or chloride channels

Opposite of osteoporosis & a genetic disease

Result to overgrowth a thickening of bones, often with obiteracion of the marrow cavities, depressing blood cell formation and causing anemia and the loss of WBC

A

Osteopetrosis

146
Q

Refers to a group of related congenital disorders in which the osteoblasts produce deficient amounts of type I collagen or defective type I collagen due to genetic mutations

It will lead to a spectrum of disorders, all characterized by significant fragility of the bones

The fragility reflects normal collagen, which normally reinforces and adds a degree of resiliency to the mineralized bone matrix

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta (“Brittle bone disease”)

147
Q

Is a fluorescent molecule that binds newly

deposnea oreoramic during mineralization with high affinity and specifically labels new bone under the UV microscope

Is has been found that it lowers the rate of bone growth

A bone biopsy was performed, bone was

sectioned without decalcification and examined Appears that fluorescent lamellae and the distance between the labeled layers is proportional to the rate of bone appositional growth

This procedure is of diagnostic importance in such diseases as osteomalacia, in which mineralization is impaired and osteitis fibrosa cystica, in which osteoclast activity results in removal of bone matrix and fibrous degeneration

A

Antibiotic Tetracycline

148
Q

Calcium deficiency in children

A disease in which the bone matrix, does not calcify normally and the epiphyseal plate an be distorted by the normal strains of bone weight and muscular activity

Insufficient calcium in the diet or failure to produce the steroid prohormone vitamin D with important absorption of Calcium oy cens of the small intestine

A

Rickets

149
Q

Adults calcium deficiency

• Dencient calcification of recently formed and partial decalcification of already calcified matrix

A

Osteomalacia

150
Q

Lack of growth hormone during the growing years

A

Pituitary Dwarfism

151
Q

Excess growth hormone causing excessive growth of the long bones

A

Gigantism

152
Q

A disease in which the bones- mainly the long ones- becomes very thick

A

Acromegaly

153
Q

Chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane causes thickening of this connecave ussue and stimulates the macrophages to release collagenases and other hydrolytic enzymes

Some enzymes eventually causes destruction of the articular cartilage allowing direct contact o the bones projecting into the joint

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

154
Q

Within an intervertebral dises

Collagen toss or other degenerative changes in the annulus fibrosus are often accompanied by displacement of the nucleus pulposus

Occurs most frequently on the posterior region of the intervertebral disc where there are fewer collagen bundles

Affected disc dislocates or shifts slightly from its normal position

The pain accompanying a slipped disc may be perceived in areas innervated by the compressed nerve fibers- usually the lower lumbar region

A

Slipped or herniated disc

HISTOLOGY (11 decks)

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