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[1ST YEAR] CCP 6 - Human Physiology and Pathophysiology (Lec) > PRELIM 04 - The Cellular Level of Structural Organization > Flashcards

PRELIM 04 - The Cellular Level of Structural Organization Flashcards

1
Q

In 1838, this German botanist said that all plants are composed of cells

A

Matthias Schleiden

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2
Q

Year when Matthias Schleiden said that all plants are composed of cells

A

1838

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3
Q

In 1838, he discovered that animals were made of cells

A

Theodor Schwann

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4
Q

Year when Theodor Schwann discovered that animals were made of cells

A

1838

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5
Q

In 1855, this German pathologist discovered that humans are made up of cells

A

Rudolf Virchow

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6
Q

Year when Rudolf Virchow discovered that humans are made up of cells

A

1855

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7
Q

The combined work of Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow make up the modern __________

A

Cell theory

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8
Q

Is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms

A

Cell

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9
Q

According to this principle, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by the relative number of their specific subcellular structures

A

Principle of complementarity

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10
Q

3 main regions or parts of cell

A

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Plasma membrane

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11
Q

4 elements that compose cells

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

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12
Q

Cells are about __________ % water

A

60-80%

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13
Q

The control center of the cell that contains genetic material

A

Nucleus

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14
Q

3 regions of the nucleus

A

Nuclear membrane, Nucleolus, Chromatin

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15
Q

Barrier of the nucleus

A

Nuclear membrane

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16
Q

It is a non-membrane bound organelle taking part in synthesis of ribosomes

A

Nucleolus/Nucleoli

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17
Q

Composed of DNA & proteins; condenses to form chromosomes when the cell division starts

A

Chromatin

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18
Q

Barrier for cell contents that contains a double phospholipid layer

A

Plasma membrane

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19
Q

Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorptions

A

Microvilli

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20
Q

Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

A

Cytoplasm

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21
Q

Fluid that contains other elements

A

Cytosol

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22
Q

Metabolic machinery of the cell

A

Organelles

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23
Q

Made of protein and RNA; the site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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24
Q

Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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25
Q

2 types of endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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26
Q

Is studded with ribosomes and where building materials of cellular membrane are formed

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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27
Q

Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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28
Q

Modifies and packages proteins

A

Golgi apparatus

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29
Q

Powerhouses of the cell that provide ATP for cellular energy

A

Mitochondria

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30
Q

Contain enzymes that digest non-usable materials within the cell

A

Lysosomes

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31
Q

Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes that detoxify harmful substances

A

Peroxisomes

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32
Q

Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm

A

Cytoskeleton

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33
Q

3 types of cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules

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34
Q

Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules

A

Centrioles

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35
Q

Move materials across the cell surface

A

Cilia

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36
Q

Propel the cell

A

Flagella

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37
Q

Are tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane

A

Microvilli

38
Q

Refers to the means by which substances get through plasma membranes

A

Membrane transport

39
Q

Are branched sugars attached to proteins that abut the extracellular space

A

Glycoproteins

40
Q

Is the fuzzy, sticky, sugar-rich area on the cell’s surface

A

Glycocalyx

41
Q

Homogenous mixture of two or more components

A

Solution

42
Q

Dissolving medium; typically water in the body

A

Solvent

43
Q

Components in smaller quantities within a solution

A

Solutes

44
Q

Contains water, dissolved solutes, and suspended particles

A

Intracellular fluid

45
Q

Solution that bathes the exterior of our cell and contains thousands of nutrients

A

Interstitial fluid

46
Q

Fluid outside the cells

A

Extracellular fluid

47
Q

2 basic methods of transport

A

Passive transport, Active transport

48
Q

Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient

A

Diffusion

49
Q

An unassisted process; the solutes are lipid-soluble materials

A

Simple diffusion

50
Q

Simple diffusion of water

A

Osmosis

51
Q

Same solute and water concentration

A

Isotonic

52
Q

Contains more solutes or dissolved substances than there are inside the cells

A

Hypertonic

53
Q

Solution contains fewer solutes

A

Hypotonic

54
Q

Substances require a protein carrier for passive transport

A

Facilitated diffusion

55
Q

Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure

A

Filtration

56
Q

Amino acids, some sugars, and ions are transported by protein carriers called ___________

A

Solute pumps

57
Q

Substances are moved against concentration gradients

A

Active transport/Solute pumping

58
Q

Moves materials out of the cell

A

Exocytosis

59
Q

Extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vesicle

A

Endocytosis

60
Q

2 types of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis

61
Q

“Cell eating”

A

Phagocytosis

62
Q

“Cell drinking”

A

Pinocytosis

63
Q

One of the building blocks of body tissues

A

Protein

64
Q

Is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is turned into a function

A

Gene expression

65
Q

Refers to all of an organism’s proteins

A

Proteome

66
Q

Is the large-scale study of proteomes

A

Proteomics

67
Q

3 types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA)

68
Q

Carries code from DNA to ribosome for protein synthesis

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

69
Q

Assembles amino acids brought by tRNA in a specific order from mRNA to make proteins

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

70
Q

Transports specific amino acid to ribosome for protein synthesis

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

71
Q

2 phases of protein synthesis

A

Transcription, Translation

72
Q

Is the process in which mRNA copies a sequence of DNA

A

Transcription

73
Q

The main enzyme involved in transcription

A

RNA polymerase

74
Q

3 stages of transcription

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

75
Q

A special nucleotide sequence located near the beginning of a gene where transcription begins

A

Promoter

76
Q

Do code for segments of a protein

A

Exons

77
Q

Do not code for parts of proteins

A

Introns

78
Q

Are enzymes that cut out the introns and splice together the exons

A

Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs)

79
Q

Is the process in which the genetic code carried by the mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids

A

Translation

80
Q

Division of the nucleus; results in the formation of two daughter nuclei

A

Mitosis

81
Q

Division of the cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

82
Q

Centrioles migrate to the poles to direct assembly of mitotic spindle fibers

A

Prophase

83
Q

Chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell on the metaphase plate

A

Metaphase

84
Q

Chromosomes are pulled apart and toward the opposite ends of the cell

A

Anaphase

85
Q

Chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin

A

Telophase

86
Q

A cleavage furrow forms to pinch the cells into two parts

A

Cytokinesis

87
Q

Is associated with an increase in the incidence and severity of disease

A

Aging

88
Q

The process by which cell ages and permanently stops dividing but does not die

A

Cell senescence

89
Q

Gain of malignant properties in normal cells

A

Tumorigenesis

90
Q

4 stages of tumorigenesis

A

Initiation, Promotion, Progression, Metastasis

[1ST YEAR] CCP 6 - Human Physiology and Pathophysiology (Lec) (13 decks)

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