PRELIM 04 - The Cellular Level of Structural Organization Flashcards by Juan Carlos Cornelio

In 1838, this German botanist said that all plants are composed of cells

Matthias Schleiden

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Year when Matthias Schleiden said that all plants are composed of cells

1838

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In 1838, he discovered that animals were made of cells

Theodor Schwann

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Year when Theodor Schwann discovered that animals were made of cells

1838

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In 1855, this German pathologist discovered that humans are made up of cells

Rudolf Virchow

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Year when Rudolf Virchow discovered that humans are made up of cells

1855

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The combined work of Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow make up the modern __________

Cell theory

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Is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms

Cell

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According to this principle, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by the relative number of their specific subcellular structures

Principle of complementarity

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3 main regions or parts of cell

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Plasma membrane

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4 elements that compose cells

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

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Cells are about __________ % water

60-80%

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The control center of the cell that contains genetic material

Nucleus

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3 regions of the nucleus

Nuclear membrane, Nucleolus, Chromatin

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Barrier of the nucleus

Nuclear membrane

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It is a non-membrane bound organelle taking part in synthesis of ribosomes

Nucleolus/Nucleoli

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Composed of DNA & proteins; condenses to form chromosomes when the cell division starts

Chromatin

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Barrier for cell contents that contains a double phospholipid layer

Plasma membrane

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Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorptions

Microvilli

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Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

Cytoplasm

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Fluid that contains other elements

Cytosol

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Metabolic machinery of the cell

Organelles

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Made of protein and RNA; the site of protein synthesis

Ribosomes

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Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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2 types of endoplasmic reticulum

Rough endoplasmic reticulum, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Is studded with ribosomes and where building materials of cellular membrane are formed

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Modifies and packages proteins

Golgi apparatus

Powerhouses of the cell that provide ATP for cellular energy

Mitochondria

Contain enzymes that digest non-usable materials within the cell

Lysosomes

Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes that detoxify harmful substances

Peroxisomes

Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

3 types of cytoskeleton

Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules

Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules

Centrioles

Move materials across the cell surface

Cilia

Propel the cell

Flagella

Are tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane

Microvilli

Refers to the means by which substances get through plasma membranes

Membrane transport

Are branched sugars attached to proteins that abut the extracellular space

Glycoproteins

Is the fuzzy, sticky, sugar-rich area on the cell's surface

Glycocalyx

Homogenous mixture of two or more components

Solution

Dissolving medium; typically water in the body

Solvent

Components in smaller quantities within a solution

Solutes

Contains water, dissolved solutes, and suspended particles

Intracellular fluid

Solution that bathes the exterior of our cell and contains thousands of nutrients

Interstitial fluid

Fluid outside the cells

Extracellular fluid

2 basic methods of transport

Passive transport, Active transport

Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient

Diffusion

An unassisted process; the solutes are lipid-soluble materials

Simple diffusion

Simple diffusion of water

Osmosis

Same solute and water concentration

Isotonic

Contains more solutes or dissolved substances than there are inside the cells

Hypertonic

Solution contains fewer solutes

Hypotonic

Substances require a protein carrier for passive transport

Facilitated diffusion

Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure

Filtration

Amino acids, some sugars, and ions are transported by protein carriers called ___________

Solute pumps

Substances are moved against concentration gradients

Active transport/Solute pumping

Moves materials out of the cell

Exocytosis

Extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vesicle

Endocytosis

2 types of endocytosis

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis

"Cell eating"

Phagocytosis

"Cell drinking"

Pinocytosis

One of the building blocks of body tissues

Protein

Is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is turned into a function

Gene expression

Refers to all of an organism's proteins

Proteome

Is the large-scale study of proteomes

Proteomics

3 types of RNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Carries code from DNA to ribosome for protein synthesis

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Assembles amino acids brought by tRNA in a specific order from mRNA to make proteins

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Transports specific amino acid to ribosome for protein synthesis

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

2 phases of protein synthesis

Transcription, Translation

Is the process in which mRNA copies a sequence of DNA

Transcription

The main enzyme involved in transcription

RNA polymerase

3 stages of transcription

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

A special nucleotide sequence located near the beginning of a gene where transcription begins

Promoter

Do code for segments of a protein

Exons

Do not code for parts of proteins

Introns

Are enzymes that cut out the introns and splice together the exons

Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs)

Is the process in which the genetic code carried by the mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids

Translation

Division of the nucleus; results in the formation of two daughter nuclei

Mitosis

Division of the cytoplasm

Cytokinesis

Centrioles migrate to the poles to direct assembly of mitotic spindle fibers

Prophase

Chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell on the metaphase plate

Metaphase

Chromosomes are pulled apart and toward the opposite ends of the cell

Anaphase

Chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin

Telophase

A cleavage furrow forms to pinch the cells into two parts

Cytokinesis

Is associated with an increase in the incidence and severity of disease

Aging

The process by which cell ages and permanently stops dividing but does not die

Cell senescence

Gain of malignant properties in normal cells

Tumorigenesis

4 stages of tumorigenesis

Initiation, Promotion, Progression, Metastasis