MIDTERM 02 - Integumentary System Flashcards by Juan Carlos Cornelio

The largest organ of the body

Skin

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Forms a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain

Integumentary system

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2 major tissue layers of the skin

Epidermis, Dermis

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Superficial layer of the skin; is avascular and contains stratified squamous epithelium

Epidermis

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Dense connective tissue; is vascular and is on average, 10 to 20 times thicker than the epidermis

Dermis

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Deepest layer of the epidermis that lies next to the dermis; where cells undergoing mitosis can be found

Stratum basale/Stratum germinativum

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Is several cell layers thick; contains a weblike system of intermediate filaments

Stratum spinosum/Pricky layer

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Is four to six layers thick and accumulates 2 types of granules

Stratum granulosum/Granular layer

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2 types of granules in stratum granulosum/granular layer

Keratohyaline granules/Lamellar granules

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Helps to form keratin in the upper layer

Keratohyaline granules

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Contains water-resistant glycolipid for slowing water loss across the epidermis

Lamellar granules

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Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata; occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet

Stratum lucidum/Clear layer

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Outermost layer of epidermis/shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin

Stratum corneum/Horny layer

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Excessive sloughing of stratum corneum cells from the surface of the scalp

Dandruff

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In skin subjected to friction, the number of layers in the stratum corneum greatly increases, producing a thickened area called a __________

Callus/hard skin

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Over a bony prominence, the stratum corneum can thicken to form a cone-shaped structure called a __________

Corn

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4 cells that can be found in the epidermis

Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells

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Produces keratin; arises in the stratum basale

Keratinocytes

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A fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties

Keratin

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Spider shaped epithelial cells that synthesize melanin pigment

Melanocytes

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Arises from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis

Langerhans cells

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Present at the epidermal-dermal junction; functions as sensory receptor for touch

Merkel cells

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2 layers of the dermis

Papillary layer, Reticular layer

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Upper dermal region that has areolar connective tissue

Papillary layer

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Projections called __________ are present in the papillary layer

Dermal papillae

Papillary layer also house pain receptors and touch receptors called __________

Meissner's corpuscles

Comprises 80% of the thickness of the dermis; contains dense fibrous connective tissue

Reticular layer

Is important to the surgeon

Cleavage/tension lines

Dermal folds that occur at or near joints

Flexure lines

Polymer made of tyrosine amino acids

Melanin

Yellow to red melanin

Pheomelanin

Brown to black melanin

Eumelanin

Precursor of vitamin A needed for vision

Carotene

Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries

Hemoglobin

Where the skin appear bluish

Cyanotic

Due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy

Redness/erythema

Due to emotional stress such as fear, anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood flow to an area

Pallor/blanching

Occurs when too much bilirubin builds up in the body

Jaundice/yellowing

Example includes vitiligo, which is a skin condition

Depigmentation

Examples includes Addison's disease and primary adrenal insufficiency

Bronzing/hyperpigmentation

Involves partial or complete absence of melanin; example includes genetic disorder

Albinism

Example includes hematomas

Bruises

Produces oil (sebum), accumulated lipids, and cell fragments which serves as lubricant for skin

Oil/sebaceous glands

Accumulated sebum blocks a sebaceous gland duct

Whitehead

Material oxidizes and dries

Blackhead

An active inflammation of sebaceous glands accompanied by pimples

Acne

Overactive sebaceous gland; also known as 'cradle cap' in infants

Seborrhea

Produces sweat; is widely distributed in skin

Sweat/sudoriferous glands

2 types of sweat glands

Eccrine, Apocrine

Produces clear sweat; open to pores on skin surface

Eccrine/merocrine sweat glands

Releases milky/yellowish sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins

Aprocrine sweat glands

Gland that is found in the eyelids

Ciliary glands

Modified apocrine glands found in the lining of the external ear canal; produces cerumen or earwax

Ceruminous glands

Gland that secretes milk

Mammary glands

Produced by hair follicle

Hair/pili

Dermal and epidermal sheath surrounding hair root

Hair follicle

Smooth muscle cells that pulls hair upright when cold or frightened

Arrector pili muscle

3 types of hair growth

Lanugo, Vellus hair, Terminal hair

Excessive hairiness that may result from an adrenal gland or ovarian tumor

Hirsutism

Hair thinning and some degree of baldness

Alopecia

Most common example includes male pattern baldness

True or frank baldness

Scale like modifications of the epidermis that is heavily keratinized

Nails

Acts as a biomolecular barrier that disrupts bacterial membranes

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)

The removal of waste products from the body

Excretion

2 ways on how tissue repair/wound healing occurs

Regeneration, Fibrosis

Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

Regeneration

Repair by dense connective tissue

Fibrosis

Refers to the growth of new capillaries

Angiogenesis

Results when bacteria infecting the throat releases a toxin into the blood that causes a reddish rash on the skin

Scarlet fever

In this condition, the skin produces excess keratin and assumes a characteristic sandpaper texture

Vitamin A deficiency

In this condition, the nails loose their normal contour and become flat or concave

Iron-deficiency anemia

Results in high levels of lead in the hair

Lead poisoning

Is an injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, chemicals, electricity, or radiation

Burn

Where the part of the stratum basale remains viable, and regeneration of the epidermis occurs from within the burn area

Partial-thickness burns

Involve only the epidermis and are red and painful

First degree burns

Damages both the epidermis and the dermis

Second degree burns

The epidermis and the dermis are completely destroyed, and recovery occurs from the edges of the burn wound

Third degree burns

Are extremely severe burns that affect tissues deeper than the subcutaneous tissue

Fourth degree burns

A general term for different integumentary carcinomas

Skin cancer

The most frequent type; begins with cells in the stratum basale and extends into the dermis to produce an open ulcer

Basal cell carcinoma

Develops from cells immediately superficial to the stratum basale

Squamous cell carcinoma

Is a rare form of skin cancer than arises from melanocytes, usually in a preexisting mole

Malignant melanoma

Is an aggregation, or "nest" of melanocytes

Mole