PRELIM 03 - The Chemical Level of Structural Organization

Question 1

Part of water and many organic compounds; used to generate ATP

Answer 1

Oxygen (O)

Question 2

Oxygen - % of total body mass

Answer 2

65%

Question 3

Forms backbone chains and rings of all organic molecules

Answer 3

Carbon (C)

Question 4

Carbon - % of total body mass

Answer 4

18.5%

Question 5

Constituent of water and most organic molecules

Answer 5

Hydrogen (H)

Question 6

Hydrogen - % of total body mass

Answer 6

9.5%

Question 7

Component of all proteins and nucleic acids

Answer 7

Nitrogen (N)

Question 8

Nitrogen - % of body mass

Answer 8

3.2%

Question 9

Major elements constitutes about __________% of total body mass

Answer 9

96%

Question 10

Contributes to the hardness of bones and teeth

Answer 10

Calcium (Ca)

Question 11

Calcium - % of total body mass

Answer 11

1.5%

Question 12

Component of nucleic acids and ATP

Answer 12

Phosphorus (P)

Question 13

Phosphorus - % of total body mass

Answer 13

1%

Question 14

Needed to generate action potentials

Answer 14

Potassium (K)

Question 15

Potassium - % of total body mass

Answer 15

0.35%

Question 16

Component of some vitamins and many proteins

Answer 16

Sulfur (S)

Question 17

Sulfur - % of total body mass

Answer 17

0.25%

Question 18

Essential for maintaining water balance and is needed to generate action potentials

Answer 18

Sodium (Na)

Question 19

Sodium - % of total body mass

Answer 19

0.2%

Question 20

Is essential for maintaining water balance

Answer 20

Chlorine (Cl)

Question 21

Chlorine - % of total body mass

Answer 21

0.2%

Question 22

Is needed for action of many enzymes

Answer 22

Magnesium (Mg)

Question 23

Magnesium - % of total body mass

Answer 23

0.1%

Question 24

Is part of hemoglobin and some enzymes

Answer 24

Iron (Fe)

Question 25

Iron - % of total body mass

Answer 25

0.005%

Question 26

Lesser elements constitutes about __________% of total body mass

Answer 26

3.6%

Question 27

The force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite charges

Answer 27

Ionic bonds

Question 28

Positively charged ion

Answer 28

Cation

Question 29

Negatively charged ion

Answer 29

Anion

Question 30

An ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions in a solution

Answer 30

Electrolyte

Question 31

Forms when two or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them

Answer 31

Covalent bonds

Question 32

Forms when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of neighboring electronegative atoms

Answer 32

Hydrogen bonds

Question 33

Occurs when new bonds form or old bonds break between atoms

Answer 33

Chemical reactions

Question 34

The starting substances

Answer 34

Reactants

Question 35

The ending substances

Answer 35

Products

Question 36

Is the capacity to do work

Answer 36

Energy

Question 37

2 principal forms of energy

Answer 37

Potential energy, Kinetic energy

Question 38

Stored energy

Answer 38

Potential energy

Question 39

Energy in motion

Answer 39

Kinetic energy

Question 40

States that energy cannot be created or destroyed, just transferred or converted

Answer 40

Law of Conservation of Energy

Question 41

The collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactants

Answer 41

Activation energy

Question 42

2 factors that influence activation energy

Answer 42

Concentration, Temperature

Question 43

Are chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

Answer 43

Catalysts

Question 44

When two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules

Answer 44

Synthesis reaction/Anabolism

Question 45

Splitting up of large molecules into smaller atoms, ions, or molecules

Answer 45

Decomposition reaction/Catabolism

Question 46

Consists of both synthesis and decomposition reactions

Answer 46

Exchange reaction

Question 47

The products can revert to the original reactants

Answer 47

Reversible reaction

Question 48

When one substance is oxidized, another substance is reduced at the same time

Answer 48

Oxidation-reduction reaction

Question 49

Large organic molecules

Answer 49

Macromolecules

Question 50

4 major macromolecules

Answer 50

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids

Question 51

Contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; used for energy supply and storage

Answer 51

Carbohydrates

Question 52

3 types of carbohydrates

Answer 52

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

Question 53

Are fatty compounds that doesn’t interact with water; used for long-term energy supply and storage

Answer 53

Lipids

Question 54

3 examples of lipids

Answer 54

Waxes, Oils, Steroids

Question 55

Includes the genetic material in any cell; includes DNA and RNA

Answer 55

Nucleic acids

Question 56

The monomers of nucleic acids

Answer 56

Nucleotides

Question 57

5 nucleotides in DNA and RNA

Answer 57

Guanine-Cytosine
Adenine-Thymine/Uracil

Question 58

Structural building blocks of cells in all tissues

Answer 58

Proteins

Question 59

The monomers of proteins

Answer 59

Amino acids

Question 60

4 structures of proteins

Answer 60

Primary structure, Secondary structure, Tertiary structure, Quaternary structure

Question 61

The order of amino acids making up the polymer string

Answer 61

Primary structure

Question 62

Helixes and sheets of the polymer string folding on itself

Answer 62

Secondary structure

Question 63

Globs of sheets and helixes folding around each other

Answer 63

Tertiary structure

Question 64

Individual proteins bound to each other to form a multi-protein unit with its own unique function

Answer 64

Quaternary structure

Question 65

2 examples of monosaccharides

Answer 65

Glucose, Fructose

Question 66

1 example of disaccharide

Answer 66

Sucrose

Question 67

4 examples of polysaccharides

Answer 67

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin