MIDTERM 03 - Skeletal System Flashcards by Juan Carlos Cornelio

Is a bone that is dense and looks smooth; homogeneous

Compact bone

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Small needle-like pieces of bone; many open spaces

Spongy bone

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Consists of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone

Flat bones

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Are typically longer than they are wide

Long bones

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Are generally cube shaped or they are as wide as they are long

Short bones

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Are a type of short bone which form within tendons; shaped like a sesame seed

Sesamoid bones

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Thin, flattened, and usually curved or are expanded into broad

Flat bones

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Are bones that have an irregular shape; do not fit into other bone classification categories

Irregular bones

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Makes up most of the long bone’s length

Diaphysis (shaft)

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In a long bone, it is composed mostly of spongy bone enclosed by a thick layer of compact bone

Epiphysis (ends)

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Remnant of the epiphyseal plate present in a long bone

Epiphyseal line

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Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing long bone

Epiphyseal plate

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Covers the external surface of the epiphyses in a long bone

Articular cartilage

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Outside covering of the diaphysis in the long bone

Periosteum

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Lines the inner surface of the shaft of a long bone

Endosteum

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Cavity inside the shaft of a long bone that contains yellow marrow

Medullary cavity

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Sites of attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments

Bone markings

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Are bone markings that grow out from the bone surface

Projections/processes

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Are bone markings that are indentations

Depressions/cavities

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Mature bone cells situated in the bone matrix

Osteocytes

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Cavities in the bone matrix that house osteocytes

Lacunae

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Concentric circles of lacunae situated around the central canal

Lamellae

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Opening in the center of an osteon

Central (Haversian) canal

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A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings

Osteon

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Tiny canals that radiate from the central canal to lacunae

Canaliculi

Canal perpendicular to the central canal; carries blood vessels and nerves

Perforating (Volkmann's) canal

Forms the longitudinal axis of the body

Axial skeleton

Are fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones; known as "soft spots"

Fontanels

The only bone that does not articulate with another bone

Hyoid bone

Provides axial support and extends from the skull to the pelvis

Vertebral column

Protects organs of the thoracic cavity

Bony thorax/thoracic cage

Composed of 126 bones; includes limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle

Appendicular skeleton

Other name of the shoulder girdle

Pectoral girdle

Forms the arm; is a single bone

Humerus

Medial forearm bone in anatomical position

Ulna

Lateral forearm bone in anatomical position

Radius

Wrist bones

Carpals

Palm bones

Metacarpals

Finger and thumb bones

Phalanges

Girdle formed by two coxal bones and a sacrum

Pelvic girdle

Composed of two coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx

Pelvis

Also known as the thigh bone; it is the heaviest, strongest bone in the body

Femur

Also known as the shinbone; is larger and medially oriented

Tibia

Is thick and sticklike; is lateral to the tibia

Fibula

Occur where two or more bones meet

Joints/articulations

Are immovable joints; includes the skull sutures

Synarthroses

Slightly movable joints; includes the public symphysis of the pelvis

Amphiarthroses

Freely movable joints; includes joints like knees and shoulders

Diarthroses (synovial joint)

Are joints that are united by fibrous tissue

Fibrous joints

Is an immobile type of fibrous joints

Sutures

Is a fibrous joint that allows more movement than sutures but still immobile

Syndesmoses

Is an immobile fibrous joint that is found where the teeth meet the facial bones

Gomphoses

Are joints that are connected by fibrocartilage

Cartilaginous joints

Is an immobile cartilaginous joint; found in epiphyseal plates of growing long bones

Synchrondrosis

Is a slightly movable cartilaginous joint; found in the pubic symphysis

Symphysis

Are articulating joints that are separated by a joint cavity

Synovial joints

Is the fluid that can be found in the joint cavity

Synovial fluid

Is a joint that enables the bones to slide each other

Plane joint

Is a joint that allows flexion and extension in one plane

Hinge joint

Is a joint that allows rotational movement

Pivot joint

Allows for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements

Condylar joint

Is a joint that allows movement with two degrees of freedom

Saddle joint

Is a joint that allows for freedom of movement in all directions

Ball-and-socket joint

Is a strong, flexible tissue

Cartilage

Are mitotically active stem cells found in the membranous periosteum and endosteum

Osteogenic cells/osteoprogenitor cells

Are mature bone cells; monitor and maintain the bone matrix

Osteocytes

Are bone-forming cells; synthesize and secrete collagen matrix and calcium salts

Osteoblasts

Are giant bone-destroying cells that break down bone matrix for remodelling

Osteoclasts

Is the process of bone formation

Ossification

Is a type of ossification that occurs within connective tissue membranes

Intramembranous ossification

Is a type of ossification that occurs inside hyaline cartilage

Endochondral ossification

Bone formation/ossification in the diaphysis of a long bone

Primary ossification center

Bone formation/ossification in the epiphysis

Secondary ossification center

Bones grow in width (growth from outside)

Appositional growth

Bone expands (growth from within)

Interstitial growth

Is a break in bone

Fracture

Is a fracture that does not penetrate the skin

Closed/simple fracture

Is a fracture that penetrates through the skin

Open/compound fracture

Treatment where bones are manually coaxed into position by physician's hands

Closed reduction

Treatment where bones are secured with pins or wires during surgery

Open reduction

4 stages of bone fracture healing

Hematoma forms, Fibrocartilage callus forms, Bony callus forms, Bone remodeling occurs

Function - the skeleton serves as the structural framework for the body

Support

Function - most skeletal muscles are attached to bones; when they contract, they pull on bones to produce movement

Assistance in movement

Function - the skeleton protects the most important internal organs from injury

Protection

Function - a connective tissue called red bone marrow produces blood cells

Blood cell formation

A connective tissue that produces blood cells

Red bone marrow

Production of red & white blood cells and platelets

Hematopoiesis

Function - bones store minerals for use by the body

Storage

Function - yellow bone consists mainly of adipose cells, which store triglycerides

Triglyceride storage